*3.1.2 Biochar as soil conditioner*

From the agricultural point of view, the application of carbonization products for soil amelioration seems to be beneficial because the treatment improves the conditions for plant growth, leading to a better yield [21]. Furthermore, due to the rapid effects and relatively low costs of such treatment, biochars are more

and more frequently used in processes of soil remediation and conservation. Moreover, the application of biochars to soil leads to increased contents not only of carbon but also of other biogenic compounds, such as phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and nitrogen [7, 22]. By increasing NH3 and NH4 + retention, reducing N2O emissions and eluting NO3 ions, as well as inducing the development of nitrogen bacteria which directly affects the increase in soil productivity, biochar helps to store nitrogen. Biochar also impacts the physical properties of soil by improving its water retention, capacity to form aggregates, and resistance to erosion. Owing to their highly porous structure, carbonization products may create favorable conditions for microorganisms, as a consequence improving the fertility and productivity of soils.
