*4.2.2 Technical specifications of terrace establishment*

Establishment of well-established terraces is meant to follow technical specifications linked to slope gradient, soil depth, and soil types [14]. They provide technical guidance about how terraces are technically constructed, maintained, and cultivated. The technical recommendations of bench terraces are based on an assumption of a soil depth of between 75 cm and 1 m and Vertical Interval (VI) of between 1.5–2 m and also the calculation counted the Vertical Interval (VI) for the space needed between two succeeding bench terraces. Computation may vary depending on whether bench terraces are being constructed using machines or hand-made (Mesfin [23]).

$$VI = \frac{\mathcal{S} \ast WB}{100 - (\mathcal{S} \ast U)}$$

Where *VI*: Vertical interval in m; *S*: Slope in percent (%); *WB*: Width of bench (flat strip) in m; *U*: Slope of riser (using value 1 for machine-built terraces, 0.75 for hand-made earth risers and 0.5 for rock risers).

In the **Table 2** shows the comprehensive guidelines for soil erosion control measures based on slope, soil type, depth and agro-climate [14].
