Preface

This book describes the magnetosphere and its effect on the solar wind, climate change, and magnetospheric disturbances (substorms and magnetic storms). It also examines solar wind sources and the sun and its physics of interactions within and at a distance on Earth with humans and communications.

This book includes ten chapters organized into two sections: "Magnetosphere" and "Solar Wind, Humans and Communication." Section 1 includes six chapters. Chapter 1 by Ghofrane et al. describes the magnetosphere and its effect on the solar wind. Chapter 2 by Kilifarska et al. provides synthesized information about geomagnetic field variability, particles' propagation in Earth's atmosphere, ion-molecular reactions initiating ozone formation in the lower stratosphere, as well as evidence for the validity of this chain of sequences, which gives an adequate explanation of hemispherical and longitudinal asymmetry of the lower stratospheric ozone distribution, regionality of climate change, and the formation of regional climate patterns, known as climatic modes. Chapter 3 by Stauning presents a systematic assessment of the correlation between various Polar Cap (PC) indices used in published works with the merging electric field in the solar wind and with ground-based global magnetic indices such as auroral indices and magnetospheric ring current indices. Chapter 4 by Troshichev demonstrates that the Polar Cap (PC) index responds to the changes in the electric field coupling with the magnetosphere. Moreover, it determines the development of magnetospheric disturbances such as substorms and magnetic storms. Chapter 5 by Rukundo discusses more recent developments and improvement challenges in the developed ionospheric models for predicting and forecasting space weather events by utilizing deep learning and neural network techniques. It also emphasizes explaining and understanding the energy transfer mechanisms from the solar wind to the Earth's atmosphere during storms, the effects of wind, and thermospheric composition. Chapter 6 by Bogdanov presents an application of the methods of nonequilibrium thermodynamics based on the combined principles of Prigogine and Onsager for the description of the linear approximation of transport processes in a collisionless plasma.

Section 2 includes four chapters. Chapter 7 by Chemin introduces the sun, its activity, and its material flux. Chapter 8 by Rukundo discusses solar proton activity over the solar cycle and its associated space radiation doses. It permits the reader to look deeper into the temporal variation of the sun's activity as perceived by instruments on Earth. Solar proton events and their measured doses have a direct impact on electronic equipment and the quality of communications on the Earth's surface and within the atmosphere. Chapter 9 by Shubov discusses the ramjet acceleration of microscopic black holes within stellar material, the thermodynamic exchanges during transit, and the velocity modifications from the matter of the sun. Chapter 10 by Christianto et al. examines macroscopic scales of spin, looking into how spin supercurrents could permit nonlocal interaction and synchronicity.

This book is a useful resource for scientists and researchers from various disciplines, especially those interested in studying the atmosphere, solar wind, and climatic changes.
