Preface

A numerical simulation is a computing calculation following a program that develops a mathematical model for a physical, social, economic, or biological system. Numerical simulations are required for analyzing and studying the behavior of systems whose mathematical models are very complex, as in the case of nonlinear systems. Likewise, a numerical simulation is a branch of numerical analysis studied in approximation theory inside the functional analysis.

This book examines different methods used in numerical simulations, including adaptive and stochastic methods as well as the finite element analysis research developed for the implementation and improvement of nature models studied in physics, biology, chemistry, and engineering processes. It also discusses applications of numerical simulations in demography, dynamical economics, and social behavior. The book also highlights the importance of using 2D and 3D models to capture the essence of a concept in terms of a graphic image of a process, which has as its mathematical model either a differential, integral, or functional equation and runs on a numerical calculation through a computer program. Likewise, the book discusses developments in simulation environments for physics and engineering such as virtual prototype analysis, which optimizes and develops accurate bases for engineering work and creation of new technology, minimizing and improving the cost of developing real prototypes. Forecasting and fluid models are necessary for predicting phenomena such as atmospheric phenomena. Also in dynamical systems with big complexity, such as interstellar trips and sidereal exploration have big utility inside dynamics aerospatial simulation, which can establish and plan a whole trip helping to the aero-spatial engineering for a program the flying computer and control instruments in the optimization of fuel, homework programming in the space and behavior of the interstellar spaceship.

In dynamics aerospatial simulation and interstellar trips, the numerical simulation is widely used with the purpose of developing space programs whose measurements give certainty and optimization to all systems and servo-systems of a spaceship.

> **Dr. Francisco Bulnes** Professor, IINAMEI Director, Head of Research Department in Mathematics and Engineering, TESCHA, Chalco, Mexico

**Jan Peter Hessling, Ph.D.** Theoretical Physics, Independent Scientist Focusing on Novel Methods of Uncertainty Quantification, Sweden

**II**

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

*by Ali Erfani Agah*

*by Myron Polatayko*

Non-Hispanic Whites Pay Least *by Julia N. Soulakova and Trung Ha*

Simulation

**Section 5**

*by Mouna Merzougui*

*by Gerald Tendayi Marewo*

Diffusion Phenomena Numerical Analysis **113**

**Chapter 7 115**

Numerical Forecasting Solutions **129**

**Chapter 8 131**

**Chapter 9 149**

**Chapter 10 165**

**Chapter 11 177**

Predictability **193**

**Chapter 12 195**

**Chapter 13 209** Severe Testing and Characterization of Change Points in Climate Time Series

**Chapter 14 241**

**Chapter 15 269**

International Benchmark Activity in the Field of Sodium Fast Reactors

On the Determination of Molar Heat Capacity of Transition Elements:

*by Ivaldo Leão Ferreira, José Adilson de Castro and Amauri Garcia*

*by Domenico De Luca, Simone Di Pasquale, Marco Cherubini,* 

A Modified Spectral Relaxation Method for Some Emden-Fowler Equations

Numerical Modeling of Soil Water Flow and Nitrogen Dynamics

Determination of Values Range of Physical Quantities and Existence Parameters of Normal Spherical Detonation by the Method of Numerical

On Statistical Assessments of Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Cigarette

Intensive Computational Method Applied for Assessing Specialty

*by Gilberto Rodrigues Liska, Luiz Alberto Beijo, Marcelo Ângelo Cirillo,* 

Purchase Price among Daily Smokers in the United States:

Coffees by Trained and Untrained Consumers

The Periodic Restricted EXPAR(1) Model

*by James Ricketts and Roger Jones*

*Alessandro Petruzzi and Gianni Bruna*

From the Absolute Zero to the Melting Point

*Flávio Meira Borém and Fortunato Silva de Menezes*

in a Tomato Field Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater

Section 1

Numerical Simulation in

Advanced Signal Analysis

**1**

Section 1
