Contents



Preface

A numerical simulation is a computing calculation following a program that develops a mathematical model for a physical, social, economic, or biological system. Numerical simulations are required for analyzing and studying the behavior of systems whose mathematical models are very complex, as in the case of nonlinear systems. Likewise, a numerical simulation is a branch of numerical

analysis studied in approximation theory inside the functional analysis.

This book examines different methods used in numerical simulations, including adaptive and stochastic methods as well as the finite element analysis research developed for the implementation and improvement of nature models studied in physics, biology, chemistry, and engineering processes. It also discusses applications

In dynamics aerospatial simulation and interstellar trips, the numerical simulation is widely used with the purpose of developing space programs whose measurements give certainty and optimization to all systems and servo-systems of a spaceship.

Independent Scientist Focusing on Novel Methods of Uncertainty Quantification,

Head of Research Department in Mathematics and Engineering,

**Dr. Francisco Bulnes**

**Jan Peter Hessling, Ph.D.** Theoretical Physics,

IINAMEI Director,

Professor,

TESCHA, Chalco, Mexico

Sweden

of numerical simulations in demography, dynamical economics, and social behavior. The book also highlights the importance of using 2D and 3D models to capture the essence of a concept in terms of a graphic image of a process, which has as its mathematical model either a differential, integral, or functional equation and runs on a numerical calculation through a computer program. Likewise, the book discusses developments in simulation environments for physics and engineering such as virtual prototype analysis, which optimizes and develops accurate bases for engineering work and creation of new technology, minimizing and improving the cost of developing real prototypes. Forecasting and fluid models are necessary for predicting phenomena such as atmospheric phenomena. Also in dynamical systems with big complexity, such as interstellar trips and sidereal exploration have big utility inside dynamics aerospatial simulation, which can establish and plan a whole trip helping to the aero-spatial engineering for a program the flying computer and control instruments in the optimization of fuel, homework programming in the

space and behavior of the interstellar spaceship.
