**Table 5.**

*Component sizes before and after integrated design.*


## **Table 6.**

*Fuel consumption and powertrain cost improvements.*

**Figure 11.**

*Fuel consumption and powertrain cost comparisons.*

improvements for the studied cases are provided in **Table 6**. The sizes of the decision variable values attained after integrated design indicates that the algorithm could efficiently downsize the component sizes and consequently the powertrain costs. It can be observed that improvements are achieved in the fuel consumption and cost of powertrain components after the co-design design by 5% and 17%, respectively as illustrated in **Figure 11**.
