**7. Chapter conclusions**

This chapter investigated a combination of optimization-based and rule-based energy management strategies to perform an integrated design approach for a passenger hybrid electric vehicle use-case. The modeling procedure of the components were presented, and the corresponding Simulink® model was developed and linked to an ACOR algorithm to work iteratively for the co-design design purpose. To check the performance of the proposed framework, simulations and optimizations were carried out over the NEDC driving cycle. The detailed results through

*Application of Ant Colony Optimization for Co-Design of Hybrid Electric Vehicles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97559*

the cycle for power splitting, battery SoC values, battery Crate values, fuel consumption and powertrain costs were obtained and compared for before and after applying the approach. The results indicated that the proposed framework not only was able to provide an acceptable management regarding the battery SoC and Crate, but also was competent of bringing significant added values in terms of the fuel consumption and powertrain cost reduction. The outcome of the present study paves the path for experimental Hardware-in-the-Loop and Vehicle-in-the-Loop validations.
