**1. Introduction**

The amount of personal data being collected is rapidly proliferating. Enterprises and governments use this data to profile individuals and to predict and control their attitudes and behavior. This can result in customized experiences, personalized services, and more efficient use of resources. It can also result in misinformation and exploitation by the entity that collected the data or by others that purchase or steal it. In response to increases in cybercrime and growing consumer concern, legislation to protect personal data is being proposed and implemented. Organizations trading in personal data face increasing costs associated with managing and securing data. They also face increasing risks that data will be misused or stolen, and that they will face legal or financial consequences, as well as damage to both their reputation and to relationships with customers and other stakeholders.

In this chapter, we explore how blockchain and artificial intelligence can offer solutions for protecting and securing personal data. Decentralized and federated identify systems provide users control over what, when and how much of their personal information can be shared and with whom. These systems can also reduce cybersecurity threats. Artificial intelligence complements blockchain-based privacy solutions by enabling users to better manage their data and by ensuring that data and models derived from the data are more accurate, fair, and reliable.
