**2. The importance of fuel cell for EV technologies**

The EV market has witnessed rapid evolution with the ongoing developments in the transportation sector. The EVs market is projected to reach 35% of all globally vehicles by 2040 [19]. The factors impacting the market shares of this alternative advanced technology are retail price equivalent (RPE), energy cost per kilometer, range (kilometers between refuel/recharge events), maintenance cost (annual), fuel availability, range limitation for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), public recharging availability, risk aversion, and diversity of make and model options available [20]. The principal factors affecting EV technology development relate to reliability, durability, efficiency, voltage losses, the current generation, power generation, and energy generation [21]. Reliability is defined as the ability of a product to perform the required function under stated conditions for a certain period of time [22]. Durability is the lifetime within the repair rate and cost of planned repairs, overhaul and maintenance [22]. Efficiency refers to the ratio between the useful energy output, which is the electrical energy produced, and the variation and energy input, which is the enthalpy of hydrogen [23]. Voltage losses are described as the voltage drop between standard voltage and real voltage [24].
