**1. Introduction**

## **1.1 New transportation interface**

Leading automotive and energy executives from industries all around the world are looking at implementing strategies for promoting the use of electric vehicles and helping reduce oil consumption and climate-related emissions by trying to become

an industrial leadership position in advanced electric-drive and hybrid vehicle technologies. The environmental advantages of electric vehicles (EVs) compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) are overwhelming for the environment. The life cycle of a combustion engine relies heavily upon fossil fuels to generate the electricity it runs on, therefore emitting dangerous and harmful emissions during manufacturing. In comparison to ICEV, EVs have two superior technical features: better upstream energy source flexibility and higher vehicle efficiency [1]. The lower efficiency of ICEVs is due to friction losses, fuel pumping losses, transmission losses, and thermodynamic energy losses in the vehicle configuration. EVs should obtain highly efficient electric powertrains to evade these losses. In the scenario of utilizing alternative fuels, such as biofuels to reduce environmental problems, many countries may face supply limitations. EV deployment has been steadily rising over the past ten years, with the global stock of electric passenger cars achieving 5 million in 2018, an increase of 63% from 2017 [2]. According to the Global EV Outlook 2020, sales of EVs reached 2.1 million globally in 2019. The significant barriers for expected EV commercialization comprise of vehicle price, range, charge time, battery life uncertainty, electric generator durability, vehicle model availability, charging infrastructure, and awareness and understanding of the technology. EVs typically use one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. They may be powered via a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with an electric generator or energy storage device. Thus, they can be mainly categorized into two basic types of EVs allelectric vehicles (AEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). If considered in details, EVs can be classified into five groups: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), and Solar Electric Vehicle (SEV) [3].
