Meet the editor

Freddie Inambao obtained his MSc in Mechanical Engineering in 1981 and Ph.D. in Technical Sciences in 1985. He is currently a professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and an advisor to the Green Energy Solutions Research Group at the same university. His expertise is in sustainable energy, energy management, energy efficiency, fuels, nanomaterials, and biomaterials. Dr. Inambao's research interests include energy

efficiency of commercial and industrial buildings, piezoelectric materials (PZT) power generation, low-temperature solar thermal energy conversion, combustion of fossil fuels and renewable fuels, and desalination of water. Dr. Inambao has authored fifteen books with international publishers. He also has more than 160 research publications in peer-reviewed international journals to his credit. He was recognized as a top researcher at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in 2019.

Contents

Bioethanol Production: An Overview

*by Ifeanyichukwu Edeh*

*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*

*and Khamsah Suryati Mohd*

*by Prabakaran Balasubramanian*

under Transient Operation

*and Carmen Mata*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 23**

**Chapter 3 37**

**Chapter 4 55**

**Chapter 5 75**

**Chapter 6 101**

**Chapter 7 127**

Ethanol Production, Current Facts, Future Scenarios, and Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Biorefinery Configurations *by Jesús David Coral Medina and Antonio Irineudo Magalhaes Jr*

Bio-Ethanol Production from Fruit and Vegetable Waste by Using

*by Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker, Umar Aliyu Abdullahi,* 

Comparative Analysis of Bioethanol Production from Different

*by Kristel M. Gatdula, Rex B. Demafelis and Butch G. Bataller*

An Attempt in Blending Higher Volume of Ethanol with Diesel for Replacing the Neat Diesel to Fuel Compression Ignition Engines

Bioethanol-Diesel Blends Used in Diesel Engines and Vehicles

*by Octavio Armas Vergel, Dolores Cárdenas, Reyes García-Contreras* 

Occupational Health Issue in a 2G Bioethanol Production Plant

*Mahmoud Dogara Abdulrahman, Noor Afiza Badaluddin* 

Potential Biomass Sources in the Philippines

*by Biancamaria Pietrangeli and Roberto Lauri*

## Contents


Preface

Bioethanol is by far the most widely used biofuel for transportation worldwide. Bioethanol fuel has an important role in the field of environmental conservation by mitigating global warming, providing energy independence, offering new employment possibilities, and conserving fossil fuels. The demand for first-generation bioethanol (1G), produced mainly from agricultural crops, has continued to increase significantly over the past few years. These biofuels are derived mainly from edible food crops such as rice, wheat, barley, potato, corn, maize, sugarcane, starch-rich crops, and vegetable oil, for example, soybean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, mustard oil, and so on. Bioethanol is produced from these first-generation biofuels through fermentation. Second-generation bioethanol (2G) is the main feedstock for bioethanol production, which includes switchgrass, straw, cellulose, corn stover, and lignocellulosic biomass. Second-generation bioethanol are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of biomass. A major effort has begun to develop alternative ethanol feedstock using crop residues, forest by-products, perennial grasses, and other forms of plant biomass that are collectively termed "lignocellulosics." Lignocellulosic biomass can be broadly classified into virgin biomass, waste biomass (corn stover and straw included), and energy crops (switchgrass included). Second-generation bioethanol is produced from non-food crops such as wood, organic waste, food crop waste, and specific biomass crops. Second-generation bioethanol is more cost-competitive in comparison with existing fossil fuels. Third-generation bioethanol (3G) is the main feedstock for bioethanol production, represented by microalgae. Successful microalgae-production systems are the key to the development of the third bioethanol generation, as they could provide an alternative to one of the most difficult problems of large-scale biomass production deployment. Further, algae are the fastest-growing plants on earth. Improving the quality of air is one of the most important functions of bioethanol. When added to fuel, bioethanol reduces the use of cancer-causing gasoline compounds such as ethylbenzene, xylene, toluene, and benzene. It also reduces the emissions of small particulates and soot from motor fuels as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Fourthgeneration (4G) bioethanol is obtained from the modification of Escherichia coli gene altercations through the application of metabolic engineering or systems biology strategies. The number of jobs created directly from advanced biofuels production is expected to grow in the future. Green jobs are activities characterized by previously evaluated risks, but with a different scope and exposition in connection with newly applied technology. Therefore, it is strategic and important to complete the risk assessment process with respect to new or emergent risks. An inclusive sustainability assessment of bioethanol production alternatives should incorporate an occupational health and safety (OH&S) assessment, as it is necessary to integrate health and safety issues at the early stages of development of the industrial process

in order to define tailored mitigation measures at full-scale plants.

This book contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 covers the state-of-the-art processes involved in bioethanol production including pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation processes, bioethanol recovery, integrated processes, life cycle assessment, techno-economic analysis, exergy analysis, and process simulation. Chapter 2 presents an overview of second-generation ethanol (2GE) production and the
