**5. Future research directions**

Finally, according to the reviewed papers and commercialized devices, some research gaps recognized and the following directions are suggested:

I. Combination of micro pin-fin and oblique patterns to obtain novel patterns that may increase thermo-hydraulic performances

II. Flow parameters:

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96467*

**Author details**

**171**

Yousef Alihosseini<sup>1</sup>

Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

provided the original work is properly cited.

a. Working fluid: since fluids conductivity plays a role in the convective heat transfer, conventional heat transfer coolant such as water, ethylene glycol, and paraffin have low thermal properties compared to metals and even metal oxides. Many studies reported that the heat transfer capability could be further enhanced by using nanofluids (ZnO, *Al*2*O*3, TiO2, etc.) and PCM (Paraffin slurry, n-Octadecane,

b. Boiling: flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels has been a subject of wide interest due to its ability to dissipate high heat fluxes; however, using this method still has critical challenges.

, Amir Rezazad Bari<sup>1</sup> and Mehdi Mohammadi2,3\*

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of

3 Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

\*Address all correspondence to: Mehdi.mohammadiashan@ucalgary.ca

etc.) due to their better heat transfer characteristics.

*Effective Parameters on Increasing Efficiency of Microscale Heat Sinks and Application…*

