**4.4 Other applications**

Wherever cooling is required, liquid cooling capabilities can be used to improve the system's thermal performance instead of traditional cooling methods. Liquid cooling systems are widely used to dissipate the heat generated by process operations in many applications, such as Aerospace systems, All-in-One devices, Food Industry instruments, and Biology fields.

In aerospace fields, thermal engineers have a major concern for keeping the plane at a steady temperature while avoiding ice buildup problems and protecting sensitive electronic components from extreme heat and cold. For that reason, companies should manufacture a range of heat sinks to keep planes and electronics components at optimal performance.

As shown in **Figure 7a**, an external port is required to cool down the All-in-one devices such as laptops and tablets, which may cause problems in the transportation and thermal performance of these devices. New liquid cooling methods can be used in these devices to optimize performance and facilitate transportation. It uses a small micro pump to recirculate a coolant in the integrated closed-circuit heat sink to dissipate heat away. Finally, heated liquid flows through the peltiers (Thermoelectric modules) to cool down and return to the circuit.

In traditional Food Industry fields, the lineup of food processing chillers works with air-cooled systems. Air-cooled food processing chillers use ambient air to dissipate heat from food cooling processes, which have low efficiency. New liquid cooling systems chillers use water from an external cooling tower to remove heat from food processes. These systems are long-lasting, quiet, and feature energyefficiency properties. These cooling devices are best suited for medium temperature food processes, such as cheese, meat, and sauce production; potable liquid cooling systems tend to be economical solutions that deliver excellent cooling efficiency.

In biological fields, cooling devices are a common tool used in research labs. A thermal cycler (also known as a PCR device) is a laboratory instrument that facilitates DNA amplification through the polymerase chain reaction. PCR typically requires 20 to 35 cycles comprising two to three temperature steps. In the past, air-coolers used to control the heating and cooling process; by developing in the thermal engineering field, liquid cooling methods can be involved in thermal cycling to optimize the thermal efficiency and increase the number of tests per unit time [120].

**Figure 7.**

*Advances in Microfluidics and Nanofluids*

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*(a) Asus ROG GX700 cooling system [110], (b)PlayStation 5 (PS5) heat sink type [119], (c) CPU RX3 [112].*
