*3.2.1.1 Nanofluids*

Since fluids conductivity plays a vital role in the heat transfer from a solid surface to a fluid domain, conventional heat transfer coolant such as water, ethylene glycol, and paraffin have low thermal properties compared to metals and even

*Effective Parameters on Increasing Efficiency of Microscale Heat Sinks and Application… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96467*

metal oxides [87]. The use of nanoparticles is an effective method for modifying the heat transfer properties of fluids. Masuda et al. [88] were the first to study changes in the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of base liquids with the additional fine metallic and non-metallic oxide particles.

The nanofluid and PCM's thermodynamical properties are defined based on the base fluid (i.e., DI water) [89].

Due to nanotechnology nanofluids advancement, different types of nanoparticles, nanotubes, and various distributed sizes were developed to investigate the stability and of nanofluidic during the cooling process [90].
