**3. Conclusions**

*Biomimetics*

proposed as biomimetic coatings.

chondroitin sulfate (CS) hydrogel was also synthesized by using phosphine-mediated Michael type addition reaction by adding precursor solutions of CS-acrylate and CS-tri(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) which was thermally stable and biocompatible [24]. The most important is their respective controlled dynamic parameters and spatial distribution of chemical signals in hydrogel scaffolds are critical for cell–cell communication, cell-scaffold interaction, and cell morphogenesis. Biomimetic hydrogels could be proposed for providing the supporting cells with spatiotemporally controlled chemical signals as tissue engineering scaffolds. These artificially designed hydrogels are found be helpful for clinically probing the temporally controlled growth factor-release abilities, spatially controlled conjugated bioactive molecules/motifs, and targeting delivery and reload properties for tissue engineering applications including exhibiting improved clinical characteristics like injectability, self-healing ability, stimulus-responsiveness and pro-remodeling features Multifunctional fibrous scaffolds have been also synthesized having high potential for bone regeneration which composed of poly d,l-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate (PLMC) and worked as biomimicking attributes of poly d,l-lactideco-trimethylene carbonate nanofibers having improved efficacies and potency as scaffold materials for tissue repair and regeneration (**Figure 2**) [25]. Another new advanced technology based on cell membrane-covered or coated biomimetic nanovehicles for biomedical application has been seeking increasing attention involving membranes from red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes, tumor/cancer, and stem cells which are

of nanoparticles for eluding the stimulated immune system to maintain their respective targeting capability. Biomimetic technology has also been incorporated in many robotics innovations to make robotic legs and feet for handicapped patients. Most recent, highly advanced biomimetic medical approach was reported for designing 5-degree-of-freedom robotic exoskeleton for upper limb therapy as most hi-tech rehabilitation robots by using CATIA software which inspired by the morphology of the bones and the muscle force transmission of the upper limbs [26, 27]. Scientists have been proposed various protocols for mimic the biological systems for achieving molecular scale control via self-assembly and directed assembly techniques via computerized fabrication and biochemical modification

*Biodegradable and biomimetic elastomeric scaffolds (reproduced by Xue et al, 2017) [25].*

**168**

**Figure 2.**

Hence, Biomimetic based technologies have been considered the most advanced alternative methods of chemically and bio-engineered drug delivery vehicles and devices. And, it needs lots of innovative inputs and related interpretations to make them more efficient and cost effective [36, 37]. Taken together, these findings indicate that biomimetics is becoming a dominant paradigm for robotics, materials science and other technological disciplines, with the potential for significant scientific, societal and economic impact over this decade and into the future. Hence, biomimicry is novel science stream which studies nature's models and further imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and their respective processes to solve human problems through engineering tools and artificial intelligence protocols (**Figure 3**) [37–39]. So, this innovative perspective fastened the scope of biomimetics (three

#### **Figure 3.**

*Study mapping of biomimetics associated strategies (reproduced by dash SP, 2018) [14].*

levels of biomimicry named, the organism level, behavior level and ecosystem level) to design its space to carry out most promising and novel solutions. So, environment inspiring biomimicry based robotic innovations could might have more potential to carry out more potent clinical and medical outcomes than any chemical and artificial alternative for developing more safe artificial intelligence technology-based products. And, biomimetic study can be evolved as more safe and efficient technology in future to develop human and environment friendly robotic products through integration with fields of applied chemistry, metabolomics, nanotechnology, biomedical engineering [40–43]. Therefore, the developments of novel biomimicked biomaterials are observed for more responsive against stimulus could be considered the next choice to generate smart three dimensional biomimetic scaffolds that designed to perform more effective interaction with biological systems. So that, they can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications like delivery of loaded bioactive molecules and cell adhesion mediators to perform better cellular functioning to treat targeted diseases [44, 45].
