**1. Introduction**

The "biomimetics" originated from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "mimesis" (to imitate) and well known from ancient times to take ideas and inspirations from nature or surrounding environmental natural phenomena and various creatures like birds, animals, plants and insects for further transforming them in to most preferable and most promising practical and functional applications for the betterment of human mankind. Biomimetics consisted of new innovated urban design, innovative information technologies to facilitate understanding of the complex mechanisms of ecosystems and further followed with the mimicry of such systems in urban planning and management. Biomimetic is also called the most advanced the process of applying biological principles that underlie morphology, structures and functionality of biological entities to man-made design or models for the most efficient solution of existing challenges. For further proposed innovations, other

### *Biomimetics*

relevant analysis of organisms and their respective ecosystems and biodiversity were also studied like their respective functions and associated processes based on exhibited scientific knowledge from biology and ecology. Most recently, biomimetic materials have been synthesized like Se-modified carbon nitride nanosheets, magnesium–strontium hydroxyapatite, dimethylglyoxime–urethane polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane, Ag/Ag@AgCl/ZnO and PDTC(COOH)4/HA. Applications of biomimetic and biological materials are inevitable in various fields such as biomedical, oil–water separation, sensors, tissue engineering, genome technology


**Table 1.**

*Tabular documentation of key Highlights in biomimetic studies (reproduced by Desh SP, 2018) [14].*

**165**

*Clinical Approaches of Biomimetic: An Emerging Next Generation Technology*

and ultrasound imaging [1]. Biomimetics has been proposed for developing various most novel nanotechnology technologies to find out many clinical and medical solutions to understand structural and functional properties of various biological components like proteins, amino acids and phospholipids to develop protein functionalized nanoparticles, peptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles, and carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles [1–3]. First, very well-known biomimetic based model named flying machine was invented by Leonardo da Vinci's (1452–1519) based on the most fundamental example of inspiration of birds to design "flying machine" and another named, "turtleship," a warship model was built to fight Japanese raiders during invasions [3–5]. The well-known, the Wright brothers (1867–1948) were also inspired to plot the note of the wings of eagles and made a powered airplane which succeeded in human flight for the first time in 1903 [6, 7]. A protein-driven nanocarrier device was composed of chemically modified nanocarrier consist of protein entities. Protein-based biomimetic nanocarriers were considered the effective biosafety carrier to be used in treatment of tumor having great success to carry out more effective targeted delivery of anticancer drugs and the gene therapy especially [8, 9]. Several modern clinical practices have been adopted to combat sudden increase in antimicrobial resisting bacteria with biomimetic strategies due to having inherent compatibility with physiologically relevant environments. The biomimetic based technologies have raised interest as an emerging field to have potential in treatment of tumor. Clinical Strategy has been proposed for combining nano-technology with biomimetic technology that has found to be gain increasing attention for developing more advanced bioinspired, environmentally benign, and promising diagnostic and therapeutic devices. And, developments of surgical needles had been done to make them safer by using biodegradable polymer and polylactic acid which significantly contribute for the advancement of biomimetics and biomedical engineering [10, 11]. Previously reported methods of fabrications of tissue engineering scaffolds were found to have many advantages over other conventional methods where biomaterials in micro/nano based surface modifications have chosen as for designing of biomimetic materials consisted of 3D printing and stem cells which have observed more effective for tissue engineering of bone and cartilage tissues [12, 13]. 3D printing has emerged as a critical biomimetics based fabrication process for bone engineering due having good control bulk geometry and internal structure of tissue scaffolds. Improved bioprinting methods and biocompatible ink materials for bone engineering have been observed potent optimal hybridized 3D scaffolds for bone defect repair including improved cellular function, cellular viability, mechanical integrity, biological activity, mechanical strength, easy fabrication and controllable degradation (**Table 1**). And, 3D printing might be helpful for next generation of bone grafts clinical practices to create

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97148*

on-demand patient-specific scaffolds [15, 16].

Antireflective coatings were developed by taking inspiration from phenomenon

of moth's eyes called "Areflexia" which method involved refraction of the light significantly decreasing allows the moth to avoid predators and to see prey in the darkness. Hence, this robotic method is used for various military operations to develop the solar cell light-emitting diodes. Most interesting concept of biomimetic technology is to fabricate optical, electric and electronic properties of nanoparticles by controlling their size and shape by using simple preparatory protocols having less toxicity and trustworthy applications. Bio-inspired technology was found to most promising to develop biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles which can easily

**2. Clinical approaches**

#### *Clinical Approaches of Biomimetic: An Emerging Next Generation Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97148*

and ultrasound imaging [1]. Biomimetics has been proposed for developing various most novel nanotechnology technologies to find out many clinical and medical solutions to understand structural and functional properties of various biological components like proteins, amino acids and phospholipids to develop protein functionalized nanoparticles, peptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles, and carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles [1–3]. First, very well-known biomimetic based model named flying machine was invented by Leonardo da Vinci's (1452–1519) based on the most fundamental example of inspiration of birds to design "flying machine" and another named, "turtleship," a warship model was built to fight Japanese raiders during invasions [3–5]. The well-known, the Wright brothers (1867–1948) were also inspired to plot the note of the wings of eagles and made a powered airplane which succeeded in human flight for the first time in 1903 [6, 7]. A protein-driven nanocarrier device was composed of chemically modified nanocarrier consist of protein entities. Protein-based biomimetic nanocarriers were considered the effective biosafety carrier to be used in treatment of tumor having great success to carry out more effective targeted delivery of anticancer drugs and the gene therapy especially [8, 9]. Several modern clinical practices have been adopted to combat sudden increase in antimicrobial resisting bacteria with biomimetic strategies due to having inherent compatibility with physiologically relevant environments. The biomimetic based technologies have raised interest as an emerging field to have potential in treatment of tumor. Clinical Strategy has been proposed for combining nano-technology with biomimetic technology that has found to be gain increasing attention for developing more advanced bioinspired, environmentally benign, and promising diagnostic and therapeutic devices. And, developments of surgical needles had been done to make them safer by using biodegradable polymer and polylactic acid which significantly contribute for the advancement of biomimetics and biomedical engineering [10, 11]. Previously reported methods of fabrications of tissue engineering scaffolds were found to have many advantages over other conventional methods where biomaterials in micro/nano based surface modifications have chosen as for designing of biomimetic materials consisted of 3D printing and stem cells which have observed more effective for tissue engineering of bone and cartilage tissues [12, 13]. 3D printing has emerged as a critical biomimetics based fabrication process for bone engineering due having good control bulk geometry and internal structure of tissue scaffolds. Improved bioprinting methods and biocompatible ink materials for bone engineering have been observed potent optimal hybridized 3D scaffolds for bone defect repair including improved cellular function, cellular viability, mechanical integrity, biological activity, mechanical strength, easy fabrication and controllable degradation (**Table 1**). And, 3D printing might be helpful for next generation of bone grafts clinical practices to create on-demand patient-specific scaffolds [15, 16].
