**2. Effect of climate change on agriculture and food production**

The effect of climate on agriculture is related to variability's in local climates rather than in global climate patterns. The changes in the rainfall patterns, temperature, CO2 level and greenhouse gases resulting in the frequency and severity of extreme events such as flooding, drought, hail, and hurricanes etc. are major hindrance in achieving the food security for ever increasing population [7].

According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperature may be rise from 1.7 to 4.8°C during the twenty-first century and precipitation pattern will also be altered [8]. In recent times, it has been reported that the Yangtze river basin in China has become hotter and it is expected that the

#### **Figure 1.**

*Adverse effects of climate change on agriculture and food production.*

*Smart Breeding for Climate Resilient Agriculture DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94847*

temperature will increase up to 2°C by 2050 relative to 1950 [9], and also reduce the rice (41%) and maize (50%) production by the end of the 21st century. This shift in climate will affect the environment, including the soil ecology and thus has the potential to threaten food security through its adverse effects on soil properties and processes [10]. Additionally, the direct and indirect effects of climatic change would lead to alter the nutrient and their bioavailability in soils (**Figure 1**). The effect of climate changes on biotic and abiotic stresses have already reduced the global agricultural production from 1 to 5% during the past three decades [11].
