Contents



**III**

**Chapter 19 391**

**Chapter 20 423**

**Chapter 21 445**

**Chapter 22 467**

Salt Stress in Plants and Amelioration Strategies: A Critical Review

Drought Responses on Physiological Attributes of *Zea mays* in Relation

*by Sujata F. Harlapur, Suneeta Harlapur and Shantabasavareddi F. Harlapur*

TIP Aquaporins in Plants: Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Ecofriendly Marigold Dye as Natural Colourant for Fabric

*by Sajal Roy and Nasrin Chowdhury*

*by Marzena Małgorzata Kurowska*

*by Suphia Rafique*

to Nitrogen and Source-Sink Relationships


**II**

Varieties

**Chapter 8 145**

**Chapter 9 177**

**Chapter 10 199**

**Chapter 11 211**

**Chapter 12 233**

**Chapter 13 257**

**Chapter 14 285**

**Chapter 15 315**

**Chapter 16 337**

**Chapter 17 353**

**Chapter 18 371**

Plant Growth and Morphophysiological Modifications in Perennial Ryegrass

Advances in Developing Multigene Abiotic and Biotic Stress-Tolerant Rice

Abiotic Stress-Induced Molecular and Physiological Changes and Adaptive

Morphophysiological Traits, Biochemical Characteristic and Productivity of Wheat under Water and Nitrogen-Colimitation: Pathways to Improve

Ecological and Economic Potential of Major Halophytes and Salt Tolerant

Protagonist of Mineral Nutrients in Drought Stress Tolerance of Field Crops

An Insight into the Responses of Early-Maturing *Brassica napus* to Different

Effects of Salinity on Seed Germination and Early Seedling Stage

Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants: Role of Phytohormones *by Haifa Abdulaziz S. Alhaithloul, Abdelghafar M. Abu-Elsaoud* 

Adapting Cereal Grain Crops to Drought Stress: 2020 and Beyond

*by T.V. Vineeth, Shrvan Kumar, Monika Shukla, Anil Chinchmalatpure* 

Vegetation in India

*and Parbodh Chander Sharma*

Low-Temperature Stresses

*by Xin He*

*by Cüneyt Uçarlı*

*and Mona H. Soliman*

Water and N Uptake

Mechanisms in Plants *by Sivaji Mathivanan*

HSPs under Abiotic Stresses

under Environmental Stress

*by Noor ul Haq and Samina N. Shakeel*

*by Fuchun Xie, Rahul Datta and Dong Qin*

*by Nitika Sandhu, Shailesh Yadav and Arvind Kumar*

*by Nawab Ali and Mohammad Akmal*

*by Tinashe Zenda, Songtao Liu and Huijun Duan*

*by Malik Ghulam Asghar and Anam Bashir*

Preface

A biological system is an endogenic and dynamic system that always seeks a constant in-flow of energy to maintain its meta-stable condition called homeostasis. Any environmental disruption of this homeostasis may be explicated as biological stress. Biological stress limits the growth and yield potential of a crop and is broadly grouped into biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotic stress is due to interactions between organisms starting from predation to allelopathy. Abiotic stress appears due to the adverse effects of non-living environmental factors (i.e., water, temperature, light, metal, mineral nutrients, etc.) on plants, which are often sporadic and highly localized. Understanding abiotic stress responses in plants are critical for the development of new varieties of crops that are better adapted to harsh climate conditions. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the agronomical, physiological, and molecular basis of plant responses to external stress like salinity, drought, temperature, and heavy metals to aid in the engineering of stress-resistant crops.

Over twenty-two chapters, *Abiotic Stress in Plants* presents a comprehensive picture of plant responses to external stress. It is designed for researchers, technologists, policy makers, and undergraduate and postgraduate students studying sustainable crop production and crop protection. This book is a worthy addition to university libraries and research establishments where agricultural and agronomical sciences are studied and taught. We are thankful to all the authors who contributed their valuable chapters to this book. We are also extremely grateful to IntechOpen's Publishing Process Manager Ms. Sara Gojevic-Zrnic for helping us to publish this book in an excellent form in the shortest possible time. We owe our sincere thanks and irreparable gratitude to our families whose consistent encouragement and love have been a tremendous impetus

**Dr. Shah Fahad**

Harbin, China

**Dr. Chao Wu**

Guilin, China

**Dr. Depeng Wang** College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China

Agriculture Department, University of Haripur,

Horticulture Department,

Guangxi Institute of Botany,

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Haripur Kyhber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan

**Dr. Shah Saud and Dr. Yajun Chen**

Northeast Agricultural University,

for completing this book.
