**15. Other nanoparticles in poultry nutrition**

Many other nanomaterials have been used in poultry nutrition. For instance, turmeric extract enclosed in a nanocapsule improved meat quality traits without affecting performance as a feed additive for regular broiler feed and 0.2% turmeric nanocapsule was the optimum level to obtain the best feed efficiency, whereas 0.4% of the nanocapsule decreased liver cholesterol and subcutaneous fat, but concentration at >0.4% reduced growth in birds [134]. Clay minerals of nano-suspensions added at 1 to 2% of the suspension in drinking water in broiler chickens were found to improve feed conversion ratio, body weight gain and antibody titer against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and bursal disease [135]. There is huge potential of functionalizing many nanoparticles for application in poultry nutrition and feeding [32].

### **16. Conclusions**

Minerals are obligatory for maintaining the higher productivity of poultry and a better bioavailable source at lower cost is the prime priority. In this context, nanominerals have produced encouraging responses in most of the studies. Though inconsistent, nano form of Zn, Se, Cu, Ca, and P mostly produced improved responses in poultry reflected by their performances such as body weight gain, feed efficiency, immune responses, egg production, egg quality traits, bone quality parameters, retention of minerals, and enzyme level. The inconsistent performance may be attributed to the level of minerals present in feeds itself and also the varied doses used depending on the hypothesis of the researchers. Many cases have given similar responses even by reducing the dose to half of the conventional inorganic doses, which is suggestive of better bioavailability. Apart from the biological effects in birds, the nanominerals are found to reduce the environmental excretion of the minerals by virtue of its better bioavailability and also reducing the dose of supplementation as well. Considering all the aspects, this can be suggested that use of nanominerals in poultry ration can be considered as an environmental protective strategy to augment poultry productivity. However, further studies with more replicates should be advocated along with long term exposure to validate and unveil more aspects of nanominerals.

**75**

**Author details**

Partha Sarathi Swain1

Duraisamy Rajendran3

Durg, Chhattisgarh, India

Physiology, Bangalore, India

Sciences, Kolkata, India

, Sonali Prusty2

\*Address all correspondence to: patra\_amlan@yahoo.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

and Amlan Kumar Patra4

Department, Government of Odisha, Barang, Cuttack, Odisha, India

1 Office of Block Veterinary Officer, Fisheries and Animal Resources Development

2 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya,

3 Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and

4 Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

, Somu Bala Nageswara Rao3

\*

,

*Essential Nanominerals and Other Nanomaterials in Poultry Nutrition and Production*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96013*

*Essential Nanominerals and Other Nanomaterials in Poultry Nutrition and Production DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96013*
