**5. Conclusion**

Data reviewed here indicate that both T1DM and GDM disturb the fatty acid supply in pregnant women and their offspring. Both types of diabetes during pregnancy may result in lower values of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA in maternal erythrocyte lipids as well as in cord blood plasma and erythrocyte lipids. Therefore incorporation of fatty sea fishes rich in n-3 fatty acids into the diet (e.g. in the form of two 200 g pieces weekly) or other ways of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy may be beneficial.

### **6. References**


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To sum it up: T1DM has no clear effect on EFA status of the offspring, while GDM might lower it. In contrast, both T1DM and GDM lowered the availability of LCPUFAs in

Data reviewed here indicate that both T1DM and GDM disturb the fatty acid supply in pregnant women and their offspring. Both types of diabetes during pregnancy may result in lower values of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA in maternal erythrocyte lipids as well as in cord blood plasma and erythrocyte lipids. Therefore incorporation of fatty sea fishes rich in n-3 fatty acids into the diet (e.g. in the form of two 200 g pieces weekly) or other ways of n-3 LCPUFA

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**5. Conclusion** 

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**22** 

*1India 2,3Canada* 

**Therapeutic Modelling of Type 1 Diabetes** 

Nilam Nilam1, Seyed M. Moghadas2 and Pappur N. Shivakumar3

*3Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba* 

In this Chapter, we are mainly concerned with mathematical modelling (using differential equations) of controlled continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin in Type 1 diabetes using pumps. It occurs mainly in children where controlling levels of sugar is entirely dependent on external infusion of insulin. Type I diabetes is a result of loss of beta-cell functions in the body due to an autoimmune reaction There is vast literature concerning continuous infusion of insulin where feedback is intermittent and the dosage is adhoc. Other ways of combating Type I diabetes include transplantation of insulin producing tissues or introducing artificial beta cells. We mathematically model the sugar concentration in the body and use it to dovetail a previously medically prescribed sugar concentration curve. The modelling, for the first time, aids the continuous infusion of insulin based upon individuals requirements in terms of the curve of decay of sugar concentration in a prescribed time. For each individual, depending on many personal factors like obesity, age, kidney functions, etc., a prescription is made of the desirable curve of sugar concentration from its highest level to the desired lowest level in a given period of time. This fine tunes the delivery of insulin as it takes away much guesswork of amounts of insulin given intermittently or continuously. Devices attached to continuous monitoring device will infuse insulin continuously and as per prescribed curve of reduction of sugar concentration. Thus, the pumps delivery takes into consideration the time profile of the insulin release, with the release stopping after the prescribed values are attained. The amount released in a dual wave shaped insulin bolus combining [8] both the usual normal and square wave methods. The therapy described will be the forerunner of intense clinical research work.Mathematical models with numerical simulations and analysis based on experimental data can be more effective in terms of costs and an extraordinary amount of time dealing with diverse physiological situations. This is particularly so in view of the complexities of the functions in

This chapter provides an overview of mathematical modelling of type 1 diabetes, with particular focus on pump therapy as a management strategy for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Previous models describing the mechanism of glucose metabolism have mostly focused on type 2 diabetes, most notably the classical minimal model for explaining the profile of glucose concentration over time.[4,5] Here we summarize the conclusions of

**1. Introduction** 

the human body and incomplete existing knowledge.

*1Department of Mathematics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 2Centre for Disease Modelling, York University, Toronto, Ontario* 

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