**Part 5**

**Alternative Treatments for Diabetes** 

362 Type 1 Diabetes – Complications, Pathogenesis, and Alternative Treatments

Aas KK, Tambs K, Kise MS, Magnus P, Rønningen KS. (2010). Genetic testing of newborns

mental health. *BMC Med Genet*, 11, 112.

for type 1 diabetes susceptibility: a prospective cohort study on effects on maternal

**18** 

*1Serbia 2Montenegro 3Australia* 

**Potentials and Limitations of Bile Acids** 

Momir Mikov1,2, Hani Al-Salami3 and Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon1,2

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder classified as Type 1 (T1D) or Type 2 (T2D). T1D is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of the -cells of the pancreas resulting in a partial or complete lack of insulin production and the inability of the body to control glucose homeostasis (Akerblom et al. 2002). T1D is also known as juvenile-onset diabetes because it manifests at a young age (Bruno et al. 2005). As it requires the patient to inject insulin to supplement the partial or complete lack of insulin production by the pancreas, it is also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). T2D, formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, is a metabolic disorder with onset most common in middle age and later life (Campbell 1991). T2D may be controlled by diet and exercise and, unlike T1D, does not always require the use of insulin (Campbell 2004). However, the term "noninsulin-dependent" is a misnomer since many patients require insulin therapy at some time in the course of their disease. T2D is often associated with obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance and can result in the complete destruction of beta-cells of the pancreas leading to T1D (Campbell 2004; Weiss & Caprio 2006). The prevalence of T1D and T2D are on the rise worldwide, which has generated a strong drive towards developing preventative measures as well as cure. Recent data published by the International Diabetes Federation highlighted the severity of diabetes epidemic. Data show that the disease is currently affecting 246 million people worldwide, with 46% of all those affected in the 40-59 age group. Previous figures underestimated the scope of the problem, while even the most pessimistic predictions fell short of the current figure. It is predicted that the total number of people living with diabetes will increase to 380 million within twenty years if no new and substantially more effective drugs are produced (Moore et al. 2003a; Rosenbloom et al. 1999). On 2007, the health costs of diabetes have exceeded 200 billion dollars only in the US. This adds to the cost generated from higher rate of hospitalization, higher mortality rate, and impaired performance of workers with diabetes. This has generated a strong drive towards developing preventative measures as

**1. Introduction** 

 **and Probiotics in Diabetes Mellitus** 

*1Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Univeristy of Novi Sad 2Pharmacy Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica 3Senior Lecturer, School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth* 
