**Part 1**

**Diabetes Mellitus and Complications** 

**1** 

**The Study of Glycative and Oxidative Stress** 

 **in Type 1 Diabetes Patients in Relation to** 

**Circulating TGF-Beta1, VCAM-1 and** 

*1Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,* 

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of most frequent autoimmune diseases and is characterized by absolute or nothing short of absolute endogenous insulin deficiency which results in hyperglycemia that is considered to be a primary cause of diabetic complications (DC) (Rambhade et al., 2010). T1DM leads to various chronic micro- and macrovascular complications. Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with DM. Microvascular disease is the main determinant in the development of late

Persistent hyperglycemia is linked with glycation, glycoxidation, and oxidative stress (Aronson, 2008; Negre-Salvayre et al., 2009). During glycation and glycoxidation there are formed early, intermediate and advanced glycation products via Maillard reaction, glucose autoxidation and protein glycation. Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has several toxic effects and takes part in the development of DC, such as nephropathy (Kashihara et al, 2010), neuropathy, retinopathy and angiopathy (Peppa & Vlassara, 2005; Yamagishi et al., 2008; Goh & Cooper, 2008; Karasu, 2010). Higher plasma levels of AGEs are associated also with incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in T1DM (Nin et al., 2011). AGEs are believed to induce cellular oxidative stress through the interaction with specific cellular receptors (Ramasamy et al., 2005; Boulanger et al., 2006; Yamagishi, 2009; Mosquera, 2010). On the other side, carbonyl stress-induced tissue damage is caused by AGE precursors formed by hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidemia,

nonenzymatic glycation, peroxidation of lipids and metabolic processes.

**1. Introduction** 

complications in DM.

 **Diabetic Vascular Complications** 

Vladimir Jakus1, Jana Kostolanska2,

*Comenius University, Bratislava* 

 *Slovakia* 

Dagmar Michalkova1 and Michal Sapak3

*Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava 2Children Diabetological Center of the Slovak Republic, 1st Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University and University Hospital for Children, Bratislava* 

*3Institute of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,* 
