**3.1.3 Controls**

As seen in Table 4, there were found moderate negative relation on the border of significance between AOPP and FAM (R=-0.627, p=0.05) and strong relation between AOPP and s-AGEs (R=0.855) in controls. TGF-beta1 was in statistically significant relation with age (R=-0.838) and s-AGEs (R=-0.757) and moderate, but not significant relationship was found with LPO (R=0.478). Slight relationship were found between VCAM-1 and FAM (R=0.366) and also between VCAM-1 and s-AGEs (R=0.267).


(† R, p<0.05, ■ p=0.05)

Table 4. The relationships between the parameters in controls

#### **3.2 The parameters of glycative and oxidative stress, TGF-beta1 and VCAM-1 with regard to presence/absence of retinopathy and/or other complications**

We compared described parameters between subgroups with/without diabetic retinopathy. The results of Fisher´s post-test (p values) are reported in table 5.


(DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic complications except diabetic retinopathy-DC – having no complications, NS – non-significant difference, NA – not available)

Table 5. The differences in measured parameters between subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to presence/absence of diabetic retinopathy and/or other (O) complications

As seen in Table 4, there were found moderate negative relation on the border of significance between AOPP and FAM (R=-0.627, p=0.05) and strong relation between AOPP and s-AGEs (R=0.855) in controls. TGF-beta1 was in statistically significant relation with age (R=-0.838) and s-AGEs (R=-0.757) and moderate, but not significant relationship was found with LPO (R=0.478). Slight relationship were found between VCAM-1 and FAM (R=0.366)

Age (yrs.) 0.354† -0.249 -0.008 0.193† 0.026† -0.838†∆ -0.052† HbA1cA (%) N 0.109† -0.133† -0.022† 0.189† -0.024† -0.068† FAM (mmol/l) N -0.143 -0.627†■ -0.162† 0.276† 0.366† s-AGEs (A.U.) N 0.855†∆ -0.382† -0.757†∆ 0.267†

(micromol/l) N -0.286† N 0.069†

LPO (nmol/ml) N 0.478† 0.037†

(ng/ml) N 0.152†

**3.2 The parameters of glycative and oxidative stress, TGF-beta1 and VCAM-1 with** 

We compared described parameters between subgroups with/without diabetic retinopathy.

Subgroups FAM HbA1cA s-AGEs AOPP LPO TGF-beta1 VCAM-1

(DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic complications except diabetic retinopathy-DC –

Table 5. The differences in measured parameters between subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to presence/absence of diabetic retinopathy and/or other (O) complications

DR vs. DR+O NS NS NS NS NS NA NS DR vs. ODC 0.055 NS 0.055 NS <0.05 <0.05 NS DR vs. -DC NS 0,01 NS NS NS <0.05 NS DR+O vs. ODC 0.052 NS 0,05 NS NS NA NS DR+O vs. -DC NS <0.05 NS NS NS NA NS ODC vs. -DC <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 NS NS NS NS

**regard to presence/absence of retinopathy and/or other complications** 

Table 4. The relationships between the parameters in controls

The results of Fisher´s post-test (p values) are reported in table 5.

having no complications, NS – non-significant difference, NA – not available)

HbA1cA FAM s-AGEs AOPP LPO TGF-beta1 VCAM-1

**3.1.3 Controls** 

AOPP

TGF-beta1

(† R, p<0.05, ■ p=0.05)

and also between VCAM-1 and s-AGEs (R=0.267).

FAM were significantly elevated in patients having diabetic complications only other than diabetic retinopathy compared to –DC (3.10(2.93, 3.54) vs. 2.54(2.42, 2.91) mmol/l, p<0.05, Fig. 5). HbA1c levels are elevated in patients having diabetic retinopathy against to –DC (9.8(9.6, 10.2) vs. (7.9(7.4, 9.1)%, p<0.05), in subgroup of patients having diabetic retinopathy with other complication/s compared to -DC (10.4(8.6, 11.2) vs. (7.9(7.4, 9.1) %, p<0.05, Fig.6) and also the subgroup of patients having diabetic complications only other than diabetic retinopathy compared to –DC (10.5(10.0, 11.1 vs. (7.9(7.4, 9.1) %, p<0.05, Fig. 6). Serum AGEs were significantly higher in subgroup with only other diabetic complications than diabetic retinopathy compared to –DC one (74.8(71.2, 76.5) vs. 61.9(58.9, 71.0) A.U., Fig. 7), and non-significantly higher in patients with retinopathy only than in those with others DC and also in patients with DR and another DC compared to ODC group, however, p-values were only slightly higher than 0.05 (Fig. 7). The values of LPO were significantly elevated in patients with complications other than retinopathy compared to those with retinopathy only (138(129, 165) vs. 101(93, 109) nmol/ml, Fig. 8). No significant differences were found between others in LPO. There were the significant differences between patients having only diabetic retinopathy vs. –DC in TGF-beta1 levels (14.17(13.32, 15.52) vs. 5.7(2.23, 8.71) ng/ml, p<0.05, Fig. 9) and also between subgroup of patients having only diabetic retinopathy and those having diabetic complications other than diabetic retinopathy (14.17(13.32, 15.52) vs. 9.05(5.29, 10.39) ng/ml, p=0.05, Fig. 9). Neither AOPP parameters nor VCAM-1 showed any significant differences between subgroups with regard to presence/absence diabetic retinopathy or other diabetic complications.

Fig. 5. The values of FAM in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

The Study of Glycative and Oxidative Stress in Type 1 Diabetes Patients

in Relation to Circulating TGF-Beta1, VCAM-1 and Diabetic Vascular Complications 15

Fig. 8. The values of LPO in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having

Fig. 9. The values of TGF-beta1 in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, ODC – having only other diabetic complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic

complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

Fig. 6. The values of HbA1c in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

Fig. 7. The values of s-AGEs in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

Fig. 6. The values of HbA1c in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having

Fig. 7. The values of s-AGEs in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having

diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic

complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic

complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

Fig. 8. The values of LPO in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, DR+ODC – having diabetic retinopathy and another complications, ODC – having only other diabetic complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

Fig. 9. The values of TGF-beta1 in subgroups of patients with T1DM with regard to diabetic retinopathy presence/absence (DR – having diabetic retinopathy only, ODC – having only other diabetic complications except diabetic retinopathy, -DC – having no complications)

The Study of Glycative and Oxidative Stress in Type 1 Diabetes Patients

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