**Acknowledgements**

*Landraces - Traditional Variety and Natural Breed*

may then be the treatment of the heteroplasmy.

animal but the breed must be preserved by the state.

because of its known heteroplasmic behavior.

important in screening for deleterious alleles.

**6.8 Within-family selection**

breeding.

**7. Conclusions**

work.

any breeds. The number of haplotypes representing individuals in the sampled families or providing the sample is likely to be less than the number of samples. Unfortunately, it can also be predicted that the number of surviving founder families will decrease from generation to generation. Thus, it is recommended to leave breeding offspring from all families, from all haplotypes, to replenish the female herd. Since the number of individuals is higher than the number of haplotypes a rigid selection focussing on haplotype maintenance can lead to loss of many other

Of course, it is a big question whether, in the case of outlier haplotypes, we choose to save or discard it in the endangered population of small size. Each cell contains many copies of mtDNA which, except in very rare cases of heteroplasmy, are identical and shared by all members of the maternal lineage. Another problem

To my mind, the searching for ancient families is very crucial aspect of breed conservation. I consider it important to inform farmers about the family and haplotype of their sheep. In this respect, close long-term cooperation is needed between breeders and breeders' associations, and even with the breeding authority in obtaining state subsidies. In other words, the individual sheep genetic knowledge

If differentiated families with their specific haplotype are already available, it is reasonable to select offspring for further breeding within these. Using a withinfamily selection, potential offspring are identified by sophisticated breeding software, while the breeder remains free to choose which one to actually stay for

At this point, I would like to draw attention to the differences between the professional work of the association and the ideas of the private breeder, and the necessary cooperation, or the antagonism in many places that the breeder is the owner of the

During the phylogenetic investigation of sheep species, and characterization for improvement and conservation of sheep breeds, mtDNA diversity plays an important role. This is indeed noticeable as it is being applied more and more widely. However, opinions differ on the degree of success of the study in terms of its purpose. Here, too, it is true that any doubt encourages further appropriate

For comparison between domestic and wild sheep the less mutagen gene (Cyt b) sequences are advisable. But, for the exploration of haplogroup relationships among domestic sheep processing of a Cyt b gene dataset combined with CR is recommended. Then, for a precise differentiation of haplotypes a hypervariable sequence set of CR seems to be the most reliable. High levels of mutations observed in the control region (emphatically hypervariable sequence) may skew dating estimates for many mammalian species. Before drawing phylogenetic conclusions the removal or reduction of repetitive sequence elements located within the CR is to advice

Coding regions are conservative, for function with sameness making them less useful for isolating species, breeds, and individuals. Investigation of these is

gained from the researches should be communicated to the animal owners.

genetic information (like in selection against scrapy genotypes).

**194**

This project is supported by the European Union and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Grant Contract No: VEKOP-2.3.2.-16-2016-00012).
