**5.2 Anti-second degree burn**

The curing of second-degree burns is also not so much easier by standard antibiotic treatment. Therefore, the search for a new, effective and safe anti-burn therapeutic agent is essential. The topical application of *P. vera* oil on the seconddegree burn accelerated the wound healing effect [75].

### **5.3 Anti-colitis effect**

The oil of *P. lenticus* has been reported as a significant curative and preventive agent in colitis induced animals [76]. In addition to this plant, no further work is perform in this regard.

### **5.4 Anti-peptic ulcer effect**

*H. pylori* is the main cause of peptic ulcer. The ulcer duration is shortened by the triple therapy of metronidazole, clarithromycin and omeprazole for 15 days. But the complete eradication of peptic ulcers takes years. The anti-peptic ulcer effect of oil of *P. atlantica* is also worth mentioning [77]. A limited study is available of this genus on anti-peptic ulcer action.

#### **5.5 Neuroprotective effect**

The *Pistacia* genus is one of the best neuroprotective natural products [78]. The neuroprotective effect of *P. vera* gum in induced ischemia animal is worth mentioning [79]. The significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and related enzymes is responsible for the neuroprotective effect of *P. terebinthus* [80]. The leaf extract and its major phenolic compounds of *P. lenticus* reversed the aluminum-induced neurotoxic effect in mice [81]. The toxic effect of mercury on brain was regulated by the *P. atlantica* indicating the neuroprotective role [82].

### **5.6 Hypoglycemic effect**

The antidiabetic effect of *P. atlantica* has been reported [44]. In a study, the *n*-hexane extract of *P. atlantica* significantly improved the streptozotocin (STZ)- induced hyperglycemic condition. The same extract also improved the beta cell of pancreas [83]. The leaf extract of this plant also inhibited the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes responsible for the diabetic disorders [84]. The leaf and fruit extract of *P. lenticus* significantly attenuated the induced diabetic condition [85]. The alloxan-induced diabetic condition has been normalized by *P. lenticus* crude extract [86]. The STZ induced hyperglycemic condition in experimental animal was normalized by the crude extract of *P. terebinthus* [87]. The crude methanolic extract of *P. vera* fruit stem metabolites are week antidiabetic [88]. The potential inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 by the oleoresin of *P. lenticus* demonstrate a good antidiabetic property [89]. Pistagremic acid, one of the potential constitutes of *P. integerrima*, is also α-glucosidase inhibitor [90]. Interestingly, the plants in this genus can cure diabetic patients mostly suffering from diabetic neuropathy as well as from wounds. So the treatment of all these conditions at a time resulting from the polypharmacy situation. This polypharmacy situation leads to poor patient compliance. These plants at a time are antidiabetic, antidiabetic wound healers and neuroprotective. So further work is highly recommended to test these plants on such patients who suffer from all these conditions.

#### **5.7 Effect on GLUT**

This effect is also directly linked with the anti-diabetic effect. The body has different types of glucose transporters (GLUT). These GLUT are responsible for the influx of glucose molecules and keeping glucose concentration in the blood flow. Among these transporters, the GLUT-II is bi-directional, and the rest are unidirectional. The extract of *P. thlantica* improved the GLUT-IV transporter expression

indicating the improved function of insulin [91]. Other plants of this genus are highly recommended to be tested on these GLUTs.
