**3. Anti-inflammatory activity**

The faction of the leaves of *P. lenticus* significantly attenuated the induced edema as compared to acetylsalicylic acid [3]. The crude extract of the gall of *P. integerrima* also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect in various doses [40]. In another study, the anti-inflammatory effect of gall was attributed to the presence of flavonoids. The isolated flavonoids were tested for carrageenan-induced edema and provided significant anti-inflammatory [41]. The EO from the fruits of *P. lenticus* attenuated the carrageenan-induced edema (inflammation) at various tested doses [50]. The crude leaves extract of *P. vera* demonstrated antiinflammatory effect both in acute and chronic inflammatory models [42]. The *P. atlantica* has been proven significant anti-inflammatory in animal model [44, 51]. The bark of *P. integerrima* accumulated anti-inflammatory constitutes like pestagremic acid [46, 52]. The nano particles of *P. integerrima* gall also showed significant anti-inflammatory effect [48]. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of different parts of *P. vera* as its oleoresin have been tested for anti-inflammatory effect. The oleoresin demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect while the rest of the samples were devoid of anti-inflammatory potential [47]. In another study, the significant anti-inflammatory effect (*in-vivo* and *in-vitro*) of *P. vera* has been reported [53]. The extract and triterpene from the *P. terebinthus* gall demonstrated significant acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects [54]. The aqueous extract of *P. khinjuk* demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect [54, 55]. The above data mean that the genus has the best anti-inflammatory plants. Inflammation is caused by prostaglandin (PG) production. The PGs are the product of arachidonic acid through COX. Inhibition of COX is responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect. These COX are widely distributed in the body. The extract or constitutes blocking COX are considered as anti-inflammatory drugs.

#### **3.1 Anti-gout effect**

The leaves of *P. integerrima* demonstrated uric acid (UA) lowering effect in fructose induced hyperuricemia animal model [56]. The chemical constituents such as quercetin-3-*O*-β-d-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-*O*-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-*O*-(6″-*O*-syringyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-*O*-(4″-*O*galloyl)-α-l-arabinopyranoside, rutin together with aglycons, quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin inhibited the XO up to a variable degree. The inhibition of XO is a strong indicator of *P. integerrima* as a significant anti-gout. Hyperuricemia is also a chronic pain condition and needs to prolong treatment.
