**8. Conclusions**

All the four dietary ingredients discussed herein are safe for use short-term as in a setting of treating a disease. However, some might not be safe when taken long-term. For example, no safety data was found for echinacea in heart disease and diabetes. Long-term use of low dose or short-term use of high dose licorice can cause reversible hypertension. Hepatotoxicity might occur with long-term use of turmeric >250 mg/day. Lastly, all of these four dietary ingredients are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to some extent. Mostly they inhibit CYP2C9, 1A2 and 2B6. Caution with echinacea because it induces CYP3A4 and turmeric because it inhibits it.
