**Adérito Seixas**

**1**

Section 1

Introduction

Escola Superior de Saúde Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

**1. Introduction**

presented **Figure 1**.

of fracture [5].

Introductory Chapter:

Disorders - Therapy Approaches

*Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo, Mario Bernardo-Filho,* 

Neurological disorders (ND) are diseases of the central or peripheral nervous system. In other words, they affect the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, vegetative nervous system, neuro-muscular junction, and muscles. These disorders include epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, migraine and other headaches, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, nervous system infections, brain tumors, traumatic nervous system disorders such as head injuries, and neurological disorders related to malnutrition. The result of these imbalances is that human voluntary daily life movement is affected. In fact, the achievement of the human voluntary movement seemingly simple rather it is considerably complex. As it is a very complex mechanism which allows many nerve structures to make decisional and/or reflexional choices. Then this mechanism "defines" and "controls" the movement, through the nerve impulses intended for the musculoskeletal system. It is also known that ND are the main cause of disability and the second cause of death in the world [1–4]. Some approaches and relationships about the ND are

The etiology of ND is very varied due to complexity of nervous system. Among the causes of ND there are: lifestyle, infections, genetics, food and/or environmental influences. Genetic, epigenetic, and various external factors, such as physical trauma, infection, and different aspects of the environmental surroundings can be involved with the initiation and the progression of the ND. Hormonal, immune, and molecular/cellular pathways impact the clinical presentation of the ND involving various systems [5]. Moreover, gut dysbiosis (microbiota dysregulation) has been associated with some neurodegenerative diseases [6]. ND can negatively influence the bone physiology favoring decrease of the bone mineral density and bone mineral content, altered bone microarchitecture, and decrease bone strength, contributing to the development of osteopenia/osteoporosis and increased of risk

The neurodegeneration is presented in several ND [6]. This condition occurs when the nervous system or neuron loses its structure, function, or both, leading to progressive degeneration or the death of neurons, and well-defined associations of tissue system, resulting in clinical manifestations. Studies have been reported that the neuroinflammation precede neurodegeneration in various ND [5]. In this context,

Neurological

*Adérito Seixas and Redha Taiar*
