**3. Diagnosis and imaging**

In recent times, there have been many improvements and major developments in the field of diagnosis and imaging with the help of nanotechnology, where it has been used the technologies of biosensors and point of care systems as well as the updated and improved imaging technologies as well as the integration of bioinformatics together with multiplexed assays. At present, there are many nanoparticle platforms and microelectromechanical systems to strengthen and improve diagnostic processes, largely as a means of diagnosing biomarkers and of course by enhancing the contrast agents used in imaging [23]. And the real mechanics of the imaging agent used to improve visualization and accumulation within the target cells in many imaging mechanisms on its subtype. There are different imaging methods that use imaging agents such as Optical Imaging, X-ray Imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [24].

### **3.1 Targeted imaging agents**

Targeted contrast agents are placed in a specific type of tissue or cellular receptors, including certain types, such as target agents designated for imaging fibrin, which are molecules associated with fibrin, which are molecules associated with fibrin, and other molecules to track stem cells from super magnetic iron oxide, and there are others for imaging angiogenesis, which are of the multimodal type of carbon fluorinated, liposomes are used to target the sclerotic components, and to visualize transplant rejection, microscopic bubbles were used in MRI and ultrasound [25].

### **3.2 Activatable imaging agents**

There are many nanoparticles that are actually designed to have better performance and are imaging agents called operable molecular probes that can produce a signal or some kind of change that can be recorded or detected, for example, when enzymatic activity or a specific response to important chemical reactions, Two imaging technologies are combined into a single activatable lifetime imaging agent. This is applied by combining the high specificity of luminescence lifetime imaging with the high signal-to-background ratio of activatable fluorescence imaging [26].

### **3.3 Nano-liposomal imaging agents**

Liposomes can encapsulate biomolecules that are hydrophilic and increase their internalization and solubility through the lipid bilayers of the cells, Among the drawbacks that can occur in the case of imaging by means of high elimination agents and low systemic retention degrees, and because the rapid removal process from the bloodstream or the body reduces the period and efficiency of imaging,

**167**

(**Figure 2**) [29].

**5.1 Nanoparticle size**

*The Roles of Nanoparticle in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer*

so it is necessary to add a molecule that increases the efficiency of imaging, and this is done by encapsulating the imaging agent with a liposome, can leverage the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect seen in tumors [27, 28].

To increase the sensitivity, efficiency and strength of the imaging techniques used with surgery and increase their clinical efficiency, there is an actual need to develop new material, Therefore, many fluorescent nanoparticles essential for Image-supported surgeries were developed, tested and designed and tested in

1.CF800 liposomes: This type is used to encapsulate iohexol contrast agent and is commercially available with clinically approved indocyanine green at ratio of

2.magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: A HER - 2 particle that can be combined with optical magnetic resonance imaging. It is a targeting ligands. I learned a rare near-infrared dye called NIR-830 while magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

3.Porphyrin-lipoprotein mimicking nanoparticle: This type is based on the formation of a nanoscale in which several techniques are combined, photodynamic therapy, fluorescence imaging, positron emission tomography, where

4.Fluorescent gold nanoparticles: This type is based on CT and fluorescent imaging platform an iodine based contrast agent is combined with aptamer

5. conjugated dendrimers: In this type activatable cell penetrating peptides are used Dendrimeric encapsulation and marker with gadolinium and Cy5 and

Usually, nanoparticle treatments consist of therapeutic lines such as smallmolecule drugs as well as peptides, nucleic acids, proteins, and other components or compounds that combine with them to form nanoparticles. As we previously knew that nanoparticles have a direct, targeted and improved anti-cancer effect compared to conventional treatments. This is owing to more specific targeting to tumor tissues via improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and active intracellular delivery. These properties depend on the size and surface properties (including the presence of targeting ligands) of the nanoparticles

Naturally, the size of the anti-cancer nanoparticles should be between 10 and 100 nm. This measurement is based on the rates of glomerular sieving of the capillary wall of the kidneys. Research has indicated on size estimates where the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97117*

**4. Fluorescent images and guided surgery**

preclinical surgery there are some examples of that:

1000: 1 (iohexol to indocyanine green).

the size of the nanoparticle is 20 nanometers.

with nucleolin specific targeting functions.

sensitive in vivo to MMP-9 and MMP-2.

**5. Nanoparticle therapeutics (anti-cancer)**

provide MRI contrast.

so it is necessary to add a molecule that increases the efficiency of imaging, and this is done by encapsulating the imaging agent with a liposome, can leverage the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect seen in tumors [27, 28].
