**5.2 Nanoparticle surface**

Nanoparticles have a very large surface area compared to the size of the nanoparticle and compared to normal particles, and this space provides a high degree of interaction with the molecule and its environment, and of course it is possible to almost determine the final fate of the nanoparticle inside the body through determining the strength of the interaction between the nanoparticle and its surroundings, and it depends largely on a mixture of size. And surface properties. Nanoparticles that are sterically stabilized polymers on their surface and have surface charges that are either slightly negative or slightly positive tend to have minimal self–self and self–non-self-interactions, Nanoparticles often have unexpected visible properties because they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. This provides a tremendous driving force for diffusion, especially at elevated temperatures [31, 32].

**169**

*The Roles of Nanoparticle in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer*

The rare properties of nanoparticles have been exploited to present the science of chemical therapeutics in a unique way and as we previously knew that nanoparticles and the reason for their special composition can exploit the vascular infusion and absorption mechanisms associated with tumor cells to enter and implement a specific therapeutic effect where the particles accumulate in the tumor tissue, taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention effect, of course, when comparing the usual systemic chemotherapy by systemic administration with the science of chemotherapy coated with nanoparticles, where it can deliver the desired dose to the tissue environment of the tumor. In almost the same way, special bonds to cancer cells are added to nanoparticles to arrive in a uniform and targeted way to reduce the toxicity of systemic chemotherapy, we will mention the most common

*The idea of special targeting of cancer cells to the nanoparticles that can be filtered through the kidney. As the* 

*nanoparticles target cancerous diseases, the residue that is not targeted is removed.*

A present example is a (PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin) formulation that

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in recurrent and

The liposomes coated with doxoribicin remain in circulation for 2–3 weeks after the injection process until the end of their estimated effective life, these particles enter the tumor tissue and settle in it through defects and gaps in the tumor vessels and then settle near the blood vessel, The extravasated liposomes release the drug

We previously knew that the liposomes remain less time in the circulatory system, and this affects the drug levels that reach the tumor tissue, and this can be bypassed by reducing the size of the carrier, but this may affect the levels of the drug and its required quantity, so to get rid of problems, the carrier is coated with polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). As this system works to mask the immune system and increase circulation time [35]. The proposed mechanism of

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97117*

**5.3 Nano-chemical therapeutics**

platinum-resistant cancers (**Figure 4**) [34].

action and accumulation of DOXIL is as follows:

therapeutics [33].

has been.

**Figure 3.**

*The Roles of Nanoparticle in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97117*

### **Figure 3.**

*Ovarian Cancer - Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics*

minimum is 10 nanometers as a threshold for renal excretion and where it is known that vessels in tumor cases are subject to leak Macromolecules in a certain way, so the nanoparticles should not be able to circulate for a long time in the bloodstream and have a chance to reach the bloodstream through the vessels of the tumor tissue and enter the tumor tissue where the size of the nanoparticles is greater than 6–12 nm, which is the diameter of the sieve in the blood vessels of normal tissues and It is prevented from entering and not damaging the normal tissue, and it is known that the diameter of the sieve in the tumor blood vessels ranges from 40 to

*Basic nanoparticles used in clinical trials. (a) Nanoparticles composed of therapeutic components. (b) the nanoparticles that are formed from polymer/drug. (c) Nanoparticles that are a liposome component.*

Nanoparticles have a very large surface area compared to the size of the nanoparticle and compared to normal particles, and this space provides a high degree of interaction with the molecule and its environment, and of course it is possible to almost determine the final fate of the nanoparticle inside the body through determining the strength of the interaction between the nanoparticle and its surroundings, and it depends largely on a mixture of size. And surface properties. Nanoparticles that are sterically stabilized polymers on their surface and have surface charges that are either slightly negative or slightly positive tend to have minimal self–self and self–non-self-interactions, Nanoparticles often have unexpected visible properties because they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. This provides a tremendous driving force for diffu-

**168**

200 nm (**Figure 3**) [30].

**Figure 2.**

**5.2 Nanoparticle surface**

sion, especially at elevated temperatures [31, 32].

*The idea of special targeting of cancer cells to the nanoparticles that can be filtered through the kidney. As the nanoparticles target cancerous diseases, the residue that is not targeted is removed.*

### **5.3 Nano-chemical therapeutics**

The rare properties of nanoparticles have been exploited to present the science of chemical therapeutics in a unique way and as we previously knew that nanoparticles and the reason for their special composition can exploit the vascular infusion and absorption mechanisms associated with tumor cells to enter and implement a specific therapeutic effect where the particles accumulate in the tumor tissue, taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention effect, of course, when comparing the usual systemic chemotherapy by systemic administration with the science of chemotherapy coated with nanoparticles, where it can deliver the desired dose to the tissue environment of the tumor. In almost the same way, special bonds to cancer cells are added to nanoparticles to arrive in a uniform and targeted way to reduce the toxicity of systemic chemotherapy, we will mention the most common therapeutics [33].

A present example is a (PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin) formulation that has been.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in recurrent and platinum-resistant cancers (**Figure 4**) [34].

We previously knew that the liposomes remain less time in the circulatory system, and this affects the drug levels that reach the tumor tissue, and this can be bypassed by reducing the size of the carrier, but this may affect the levels of the drug and its required quantity, so to get rid of problems, the carrier is coated with polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). As this system works to mask the immune system and increase circulation time [35]. The proposed mechanism of action and accumulation of DOXIL is as follows:

The liposomes coated with doxoribicin remain in circulation for 2–3 weeks after the injection process until the end of their estimated effective life, these particles enter the tumor tissue and settle in it through defects and gaps in the tumor vessels and then settle near the blood vessel, The extravasated liposomes release the drug

**Figure 4.** *This shape represents a Doxil liposome where doxorubicin is confined and encapsulated in the internal compartment where drug molecules are tightly packed.*

components, and drug molecules enter deeply into the tumor tissue, where they reach and kill cancer cells. It is noted that this mechanism does not need a physical encounter and contact between the liposome and the cell, where the drug can reach and penetrate the barriers that intercept the particles [36].

There is another example of a nano-drug transporter (micelle) these structures typically contain a more hydrophobic component that helps solubilize/encapsulate therapeutic compounds, while a hydrophilic component provides stability of the assembly in aqueous environments and offers conjugation sites for eventual targeting ligands. This type of nanostructure has been widely used recently, an example being the D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 succinate (TPGS) (**Figure 5**) [37].

It is an amphiphilic water-soluble derivative of natural source vitamin E and PEG, that has been widely employed as a micelle-former biomaterial. Also, it has been reported that TPGS can inhibit the efflux pump that mediates multidrug

*A typical structure of polymeric micelle representing the drug encapsulated and targeting moiety attached.*

**171**

**Author details**

Mohammed E. Mansur University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: mohammed.alghurabi@uokufa.edu.iq

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*The Roles of Nanoparticle in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer*

tissue and high efficiency to stay in vivo for acceptable periods.

resistance in tumor cells, known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), In this context, TPGS has been employed for DOX encapsulation within polymeric micelles, Single polymers are the most acceptable type in recent times because they increase the solubility and stability of hydrophobic drugs, increase cellular absorption capacity, and to increase the susceptibility, two micelles were combined to obtain mixed micelles to increase strength. as enhanced thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities, higher drug loading (DL) capacity, more accurate size control and easier ways to modify their surface

From the foregoing that nanoparticles are more efficient in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer as a basic alternative to chemotherapy and a highly efficient pre and postoperative adjuvant due to their great ability to reach the target

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97117*

with different moieties [38, 39].

**6. Conclusion**

*The Roles of Nanoparticle in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97117*

resistance in tumor cells, known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), In this context, TPGS has been employed for DOX encapsulation within polymeric micelles, Single polymers are the most acceptable type in recent times because they increase the solubility and stability of hydrophobic drugs, increase cellular absorption capacity, and to increase the susceptibility, two micelles were combined to obtain mixed micelles to increase strength. as enhanced thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities, higher drug loading (DL) capacity, more accurate size control and easier ways to modify their surface with different moieties [38, 39].
