**5. Nanoparticle therapeutics (anti-cancer)**

Usually, nanoparticle treatments consist of therapeutic lines such as smallmolecule drugs as well as peptides, nucleic acids, proteins, and other components or compounds that combine with them to form nanoparticles. As we previously knew that nanoparticles have a direct, targeted and improved anti-cancer effect compared to conventional treatments. This is owing to more specific targeting to tumor tissues via improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and active intracellular delivery. These properties depend on the size and surface properties (including the presence of targeting ligands) of the nanoparticles (**Figure 2**) [29].
