**Conflict of interest**

*Ovarian Cancer - Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics*

changes were negligible [83].

**5. Conclusion and perspective**

(**Figure 11**).

treatment.

devices.

and cancerous ones.

therapeutic approaches can be useful.

on local delivery. For this purpose, Nakamura et al. introducing PAM intraperitoneal therapy as an innovative option for OC oncotherapy. The experiments were designed to assess the inhibit metastasis effectiveness of PAM on OC ES2, SKOV3, and WI-38 cell lines in vitro and ES2 in in-vivo levels. They mentioned that PAM treatment suppressed ES2 cell migration, invasion, and adhesion while cell viability

Most importantly, PAM inhibited peritoneal dissemination of ES2 cells, resulting in prolonged survival in an in-vivo mouse model of intraperitoneal metastasis. Furthermore, the evaluated underlying mechanism revealed PAM inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK and prevented the MAPK pathway activation. Besides, PAM was decreased MMP-9 expression [83]

Despite rapid advancements for OC oncotherapy, our understanding of the cause and management of OC is limited. Cancer cells become resistant to conventional chemotherapy and increasing the concentration of drugs just enhances the side effects, and does not cause any improvement in recovery. Besides, approved oncotherapy drugs for clinical and preclinical administration, faces several obstacles to treatment. Introducing combined therapeutic strategies such as nanoparticle and gas plasma that used the synergizing advantage of these approaches holds great potential for future combination or multimodal OC

The bioavailability property of NPs enhances their efficacy in drug loading and protects them from physiological barriers. To provide a suitable platform for clinical trials, it is very crucial to analyze the NPs safety at the level of in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the reviewed NPs need more experiments in the level of in vivo for entrance into the clinical arena. Furthermore, gas plasma is not considered as the therapeutic strategy for modern medicine unless focused studies are performed on the design and manufacturing of simple, accurate, standard, and low-cost plasma

While the identification of the underlying mechanism of each gas plasma and nanocarriers technology is under debate, promising observations open up interesting avenues for them as an emerging candidate in future oncotherapy. Independently from action mechanisms of gas plasma and nanoparticles, these therapies rely on the selective ability of them to discriminate between healthy cells

Indeed, gas plasma and nanoparticles as novel biomedical fields need funding from a wide range of government agencies and international research centers to be specifically targeted towards research at the intersection of these disciplines and resolve modern challenges such as cancer. Finally, we hope that this chapter will enhance collaboration between researchers in interdisciplinary research fields including physics, chemistry, biology, oncology, and medicine, and provide the needed interplay to address current challenges in OC management. Aside from providing new knowledge on molecular mechanisms in the mentioned modalities, to overcome the failure of oncological ovarian treatment, synergizing of innovative

Collectively, our strategy potentially opens a new and accessible approach and led to addresses several cancer challenges. As a future direction, we hope to combine new approaches with conventional treatments to obtain finer modalities, improve the efficiency of each of them, and resolve oncotherapy challenges.

**192**

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
