**2. Nanotechnology application**

Nanotechnology can be defined as a practical application that results in a process or product based on the single or multi-component nanoscale, which is a fairly recent field, nanoscale components having at least one dimension in the size range of 1–100 nm. This technology is referred to in the field of biology, nanobiotechnology and in the medical field of nanomedicine, and the main principle of nanotechnology is to increase the effectiveness of the techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Due to the lack of early diagnosis and the vague and multiple methods in clinical procedures for detecting ovarian cancer, there are many attempts that would modify the course in this area, which is the use of nanotechnology and its platforms.

## **2.1 Nanocarriers**

They are the same nanomaterials used in treatment and diagnosis, Nanocarriers are a multifunctional compound that can be loaded with several types of molecules through physical absorption and chemical conjugations reactions including drugs, imaging agents, targeting moieties such as ligands or antibodies, and polyethylene glycol. There are several types, including liposomes, micelles, and dendrimers (**Figure 1**) [13].

**165**

*The Roles of Nanoparticle in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer*

hydrophobic drugs in the liposomes as well as to load various drugs.

Nanocarriers can be used as an alternative to conventional chemotherapy for drug delivery because they have many advantages, including the delivery of poorly soluble drugs, as they surround them within the hydrophobic interfaces or act as carriers for them in the blood, reduce the systemic toxicity of chemical treatments, regulate the stability of drugs by prolonging their existence In the blood circulation and protecting it from disruption and reducing the renal clearance, reducing drug resistance by targeting cancer cells, where nanocarriers are taken up by the method

Liposomes have multiple properties as they are characterized by the presence of two parts, an inner hydrophilic part and an outer hydrophobic part, and of course in the form of a lipid bilayer, and it is also possible to modify the polar heads of these particles. This arrangement makes it easy to include various hydrophilic and

They are delivery compounds that serve greatly in enhancing the efficiency of pharmaceutical components, as these compounds can hide from the immune system, simulate biological membranes, increase the chance of a drug remaining for a longer period until it reaches its destination, serve to help solubilize highly lipophilic drug molecules or, modulate the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the API—thereby helping to minimize side effects and enhance the product safety

Dendrimers are radially symmetric molecules with a well-known structure that are homogeneous and monodisperse structure by tree-like arms or branches, they are hyperbranched macromolecules with a carefully tailored architecture, the end-groups, which can be functionalized, thus modifying their physicochemical or biological properties. Dendrimers have gained a broad range of applications in supramolecular chemistry, particularly in host-guest reactions and self-assembly processes. They are highly defined artificial macromolecules, which are characterized by a combination of a high number of functional groups and a compact

This type of nanocomposite has gained very great importance as it has been well studied in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. These interesting nanostructures comprise of spherically shaped, self-assembled amphiphilic block co-polymers made up of a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic corona in an aqueous medium, with a diameter between 10 and 100 nm. The core of the micelle can accommodate

Polymeric micelles are gaining popularity as drug delivery systems because they not only provide increased solubility, but they also may enhance the stability of their drug cargo, in addition to providing in vivo pharmacokinetic advantages

After discovering this nanotransmitter, it has enjoyed very great interest in the medical fields due to its unique structure and properties in terms of It has a

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97117*

of endocytosis [14, 15].

*2.1.1 Liposomes*

profile [16, 17].

*2.1.2 Dendrimers*

molecular structure [18].

hydrophobic drugs [19].

*2.1.4 Carbon nanotube*

compared with the free drug [20].

*2.1.3 Micelles*

**Figure 1.** *Examples of some nanocarriers employed in therapy and diagnosis.*

### *The Roles of Nanoparticle in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97117*

Nanocarriers can be used as an alternative to conventional chemotherapy for drug delivery because they have many advantages, including the delivery of poorly soluble drugs, as they surround them within the hydrophobic interfaces or act as carriers for them in the blood, reduce the systemic toxicity of chemical treatments, regulate the stability of drugs by prolonging their existence In the blood circulation and protecting it from disruption and reducing the renal clearance, reducing drug resistance by targeting cancer cells, where nanocarriers are taken up by the method of endocytosis [14, 15].

### *2.1.1 Liposomes*

*Ovarian Cancer - Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics*

detoxification of drugs, and accelerating DNA repair [7, 8].

targeting of cancer cells [11, 12].

**2. Nanotechnology application**

treatment of cancer.

**2.1 Nanocarriers**

(**Figure 1**) [13].

ovarian cancer Is due to the aggressive nature of the disease and unfortunately all metastatic ovarian cancer will develop resistance to conventional systemic therapies, and it is known that cancer cells develop resistance especially through certain mechanisms such as reduced absorption, increasing elimination, inactivation/

Currently, many new approaches have been developed to improve delivery of drug to the target cancer cells, including the use of nanotechnology, and may be one of the solution to overcome the obstacles in treating advance ovarian cancer, nanotechnology was found to have extensively investigated for molecular imaging, drug delivery, treatment and tumor targeting [9, 10]. In addition, this type of nano-based drug can overcome the systemic toxicity towards normal cells as well as the toxicological effects of conventional chemotherapy, In addition, it is possible through this technique to control the systemic toxicity of normal cells and reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy agents. Thus the new method can be followed by using multiple chemotherapeutic drugs with a suitable nanocarrier as a solution for the future of cancer treatment. Of course, this can be done by passive targeting and active targeting where both methods are used to ensure a certain and specific

Nanotechnology can be defined as a practical application that results in a process

Due to the lack of early diagnosis and the vague and multiple methods in clinical procedures for detecting ovarian cancer, there are many attempts that would modify the course in this area, which is the use of nanotechnology and its platforms.

They are the same nanomaterials used in treatment and diagnosis, Nanocarriers are a multifunctional compound that can be loaded with several types of molecules through physical absorption and chemical conjugations reactions including drugs, imaging agents, targeting moieties such as ligands or antibodies, and polyethylene glycol. There are several types, including liposomes, micelles, and dendrimers

or product based on the single or multi-component nanoscale, which is a fairly recent field, nanoscale components having at least one dimension in the size range of 1–100 nm. This technology is referred to in the field of biology, nanobiotechnology and in the medical field of nanomedicine, and the main principle of nanotechnology is to increase the effectiveness of the techniques used in the diagnosis and

**164**

**Figure 1.**

*Examples of some nanocarriers employed in therapy and diagnosis.*

Liposomes have multiple properties as they are characterized by the presence of two parts, an inner hydrophilic part and an outer hydrophobic part, and of course in the form of a lipid bilayer, and it is also possible to modify the polar heads of these particles. This arrangement makes it easy to include various hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in the liposomes as well as to load various drugs.

They are delivery compounds that serve greatly in enhancing the efficiency of pharmaceutical components, as these compounds can hide from the immune system, simulate biological membranes, increase the chance of a drug remaining for a longer period until it reaches its destination, serve to help solubilize highly lipophilic drug molecules or, modulate the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the API—thereby helping to minimize side effects and enhance the product safety profile [16, 17].

### *2.1.2 Dendrimers*

Dendrimers are radially symmetric molecules with a well-known structure that are homogeneous and monodisperse structure by tree-like arms or branches, they are hyperbranched macromolecules with a carefully tailored architecture, the end-groups, which can be functionalized, thus modifying their physicochemical or biological properties. Dendrimers have gained a broad range of applications in supramolecular chemistry, particularly in host-guest reactions and self-assembly processes. They are highly defined artificial macromolecules, which are characterized by a combination of a high number of functional groups and a compact molecular structure [18].

## *2.1.3 Micelles*

This type of nanocomposite has gained very great importance as it has been well studied in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. These interesting nanostructures comprise of spherically shaped, self-assembled amphiphilic block co-polymers made up of a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic corona in an aqueous medium, with a diameter between 10 and 100 nm. The core of the micelle can accommodate hydrophobic drugs [19].

Polymeric micelles are gaining popularity as drug delivery systems because they not only provide increased solubility, but they also may enhance the stability of their drug cargo, in addition to providing in vivo pharmacokinetic advantages compared with the free drug [20].

### *2.1.4 Carbon nanotube*

After discovering this nanotransmitter, it has enjoyed very great interest in the medical fields due to its unique structure and properties in terms of It has a large surface area, large aspect ratio, nanoscale size stability and multiple chemical functions and they are especially important as carriers for transporting drugs and biomolecules. In this regard, this type has been used due to the functional properties it possesses as an important transporter for the delivery of anti-cancer drugs and many proteins and genes. Likewise, to directly kill cancer cells, it was used as a carrier for photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) [21, 22].
