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## Meet the editors

Dr. Luis Rodrigo, MD, is an Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Oviedo, Spain. He has been the chief of Gastroenterology Service at the HUCA Hospital in Oviedo for more than forty years. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1975 and since then has developed a long career in teaching and research. He has published 707 scientific papers, 425 written in English and 282 in Spanish. He has participated as the main investigator in

forty-five clinical trials and has directed forty doctoral theses. He has contributed actively to the formation of about 100 specialists in gastroenterology working in his hospital and other centers in Spain and abroad. He has written around thirty-five chapters in books and edited twenty-four books in gastroenterology and hepatology. His areas of interest are celiac disease and autoimmune-associated diseases.

Dr. Ian James Martins is an editor and reviewer for Open Acess Pub/MDPI journals, *Frontiers* and *Scientific Reports* (Nature) and various other international journals. He is also an advisory board member for *Photon Journal* and a member of the BIT Congress. Dr. Martins is a 2021 Distinguished Scientist (International Scientist Awards on Engineering, Science and Medicine, Pondicherry Awards). He was also recognized as a top peer reviewer

by the Global Peer Review Awards in 2019,.PUBLONS, RANKING TOP 1% in the field, 22 Essential Science Indicators research fields. BIT Member (BIT Congress. Inc) with an *h-index* of 132, citations have accumulated to >15,474 in the past 27 years. INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATES from journals, conferences, congresses and summits. RESEARCH GATE ANALYSIS: RG score (> 97.5%) of international SCIENTISTS. ORCID CONNECTING RESEARCHER: Editorial Team www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jfs/about/editorialTeamBio/13511. Editorial Team. Ian James Martins. · http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2390-1501.

Prof. Xiaozhong Guo is the director of the Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area). He has practiced in the field of digestive diseases and digestive endoscopy for more than thirty years. His major achievements include experimental and clinical research on the management of pancreatic diseases, especially pancreatic cancer, and stem cells for di-

gestive diseases, such as liver cirrhosis and ulcerative colitis. He has published more than 500 papers and edited more than ten books. He has received six funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He received first prizes from the Natural Science and Science and Technology Progress Awards of Liaoning Province.

Dr. Xingshun Qi obtained his medical doctoral degree at the Fourth Military Medical University, China, and completed his post-doctoral fellowship at the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region. Currently, he is a deputy director at the Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region). His research interests include the etiology, diagnosis, and management of liver cirrhosis, portal hyContents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

*by Alberto Frosi*

**Section 4**

**Section 5**

*by Talari Praveen*

Hepatitis C: An Overview

*by Syed Manzoor Kadri and Marija Petkovic*

Extrahepatic Manifestations of Hepatitis C Infection

Host-Targeting Antivirals for Treatment of Hepatitis C

in Patients with HIV and HCV Co-Infection *by Elena Dumea and Simona Claudia Cambrea*

Liver Transplantation and HCV Genotype 4 *by Saad Alghamdi and Waleed Al-hamoudi*

*by Bouchra Kitab, Michinori Kohara and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara*

The Influence of Protease Inhibitors on the Evolution of Hepatitis C

**Preface XI**

Discovery of Hepatitis C Virus **1**

**Chapter 1 3** Discovery of Hepatitis C Virus: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 2020

Hepatitis C Virus Characteristics and Evolution **13**

**Chapter 2 15**

Extrahepatic Manifestations **27**

**Chapter 3 29**

Antiviral Treatments **45**

**Chapter 4 47**

**Chapter 5 67**

Liver Transplantation **81**

**Chapter 6 83**

pertension (especially portal vein thrombosis and Budd-Chiari syndrome), and hepatocellular carcinoma. He serves as an associate editor of *BMC Gastroenterology*, an academic editor of the *Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology*, and an academic editor of *Frontiers in Medicine*. His H-index is 37 with 4546 citations.

### Contents



Preface

*Advances in Hepatology* presents new achievements in the clinical management of chronic liver disease patients, including effective treatments for chronic infection mainly related to the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It examines the relationship between obesity and liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). To prevent and treat deleterious liver effects, bariatric surgery may be indicated in selected patients, which the book

The development of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents for the treatment of HCV infection has completely transformed the management of this disease in the last decade. The advantages of using DAA therapies include high efficacy (sustained virological response (SVR) rate > 95%) with minimal side effects, good tolerability, easy drug administration (once-daily oral dosing), and short duration of treatment

Hepatitis C is a high-prevalence disease, representing a global impact health problem. Lately, many changes have been made in treatment guidelines because of the commercialization of second-generation DAAs due to their high effectiveness,

In one recently published study (Liver Int. 2021;41: 456-73) using a mathematical program, the authors evaluated the possibilities of the complete elimination of HCV from the world by the end of 2030, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), considering that is attainable with the availability of highly efficacious therapies. This study reports progress made in the timing of HCV elimination in

Disease progression models of HCV infection for each country were updated with the latest data on chronic HCV prevalence and annual diagnosis and treatment levels, assumed to remain constant in the future. Modeled outcomes were analyzed to determine the year in which each country would meet the WHO 2030 elimination

Of the forty-five countries studied, eleven (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom) are on track to meet the WHO's elimination targets by 2030; five countries (Austria, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, and South Korea) by 2040; and two (Saudi Arabia and Taiwan) by 2050. The remaining twenty-seven countries are not expected to achieve this elimination before 2050. Compared to progress in 2017, South Korea is no longer on track to eliminate HCV by 2030, three countries (Canada, Germany, and Sweden) are now on track, and most countries (thirty in total) saw no change.

The authors conclude that assuming high-income countries will maintain current levels of diagnosis and treatment, only 24% are on track to eliminate HCV by 2030, and 60% are off track by at least twenty years. If current levels of diagnosis

also discusses.

(8–12 weeks).

targets.

few side effects, and pangenotypic action.

forty-five high-income countries between 2017 and 2019.
