**9. Conclusion**

From various studies it is concluded that gastritis still pose world -wide burden and requires extensive studies on the pathogenesis of the disease. *H. pylori* remains the most causative agent and it possess the virulence factors such as cag pathogenicity island and vacA vacuolating cytotoxin. These factors influence cellular processes via different routes, thus assisting in chronic colonization of the gastric mucosa by *H. pylori.* Gastritis infection highly results in induction of the protective immune response. Further studies should focus on the immunity to gastritis and the role of cytokines should be ruled out.

*Esophagitis and Gastritis - Recent Updates*
