**4. Summary**

*Reproductive Hormones*

phocytes [156, 157].

NF-ICB and C/EBPf3 [160, 161].

sagging and overuse in humans [164].

differently in men and women [170–176].

serve uterine E2 cells [165].

CD4 + cells [169].

transplant system.

hormones [171].

epigenetic changes in phase signaling occur with any gender difference in the

Estrogen has long been known to have a psychoactive effect. Therefore, it is believed that the inappropriate metabolism of estradiol may play a role in the development of mental illness. Differences in brain area, size, cell number or radiation intensity (for example, differences in cell size, neural complexity or morphology,

The role of estrogen in the negotiations between the internal system and the

Estrogen effects: macrophages, CD8 + lymphocytes and ERF3 B lymphocyte rings are also expressed in lymphoid tissue and can be membranes linked to the receptor. Estrogen and anti-estrogen binding sites (AEBS) are also found in lym-

Regarding cytokines: TNF levels in endotoxin coatings increase significantly with estrogen, while levels of IL-6 (due to ethylene 17 in the blood) decrease

[158, 159]. Active ER stimulates nuclear transcription factors and maintains NF-IL6,

Physiological levels of estradiol in cultured human cells significantly increase the activity of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (mRNA) but it suppressed by higher estradiol concentrations [162]. Estradiol 17F3 produces IL-5 mRNA in vitro [163]. Estradiol and glucocorticoids activate secretory substances that prevent leukemia,

And in uterus the uterine epithelial cells stimulate antigen secretion and pre-

The chemotactic activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is greatly

In short, antiestrogens act on specific estrogen receptors and lymphocytes when they affect the nervous and endocrine systems and on target cells, or tissues in the

As the nervous system and the immune system produce a regulatory response, immune changes cause changes in the nerves and vice versa. This is a phrase was made possible by for example, the thymus is an organ that produces the steroid hormone. In addition, the immune system can convert steroid precursors into active

Steroid hormones are the ones that most control the immune system, as they can control signaling at the level of nuclear transcription factors [172]. However, it is not clear whether estrogen is necessary for the normal functioning of the immune system or if its effect on primary levels of estrogen in the regulation of the vaccine varies. We are not aware of the potential differences between the different steroids and estrogen receptors in the immune system. Estrogen regulates immune function

Estrogen is important for building the body's immune system against viral infections. Stabilization of the cytokine storm has been shown to control and mediate immunological changes against the influenza virus and pneumonia. Due to the effects of estrogen, SARS-CoV-2 is lower in women than in men. Some believe that SARS-CoV-2 cause stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which inturn aggreviate the infection.

17G3-estradiol [166]. Estradiol increases the sensitivity of natural human prostate killer cells in classic ER [167, 168]. Cytotoxic activity of estrogen-dependent

reduced due to the physiological concentration of estradiol (10-IOM) [170].

In adults, the activity of natural killer cells increases after in vitro treatment with

hypothalamus regulated by the regulatory effects of estradiol.

dendritic cell length and number of contacts) [153].

**3.9 The effect of sex hormones on the immune system**

immune system was described about 15 years ago [154, 155].

**16**

Sex steroids roles have not limited to their reproductive function, but their roles are also shown to be extend to a lot off effects on other body systems including cardiovascular, neural, musculoskeletal, adipose tissue, dermatological, immune, and haemopoietic systems, The sex hormones include the androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, their effects are exert by either slow (genomic process) via nuclear receptors, or by rapid non-genomic process through membrane related receptors and signal cascades.

Androgens and oestrogens impact biology of the blood vessels, predominantly in a sex specific way. And this effect is a cardioprotective, while oestrogens having benefit effect in both males and females, but the effect of androgens different in the two genders. As the effect of testosterone in females rely on the estrogen levels and thereby on estradiol to testosterone ratio. Estrogens and androgens exert potent influences on the post-natal building of muscles and bones and important for their sexual dimorphism, these 2 hormones also vital for the homeostasis of both tissue in addition to the skin, adipose tissues, and regulation of body weight through adulthood, as well as integrity and function of female genitourinary system (specially the estrogen).

The nervous system is a target for effect of sex hormones. Estrogens, progestins, and androgens, all effect the function and physiology of the brain,these steroids are powerful neurotransmitters in vitro and in vivo and have been shown to have similar effects in preventing attention deficit disorder. Experimental data show that estradiol has a protective effect on neurons and dopaminergic proteins. Sex hormones also play a vital role as modulators of the immune system, as the sex steroids and immunity are closely connected, and their mutual regulation is involved in the maintenance of immune balance.
