*3.3.2 CINDU*

In *CINDU* signs and symptoms usually are elicited by a specific factor and occur in exposed areas that are reproducible by provocation tests [5, 9]. Diagnosis is based on patient history and provocation tests [5] where possible.


**Table 2.** *CSU associated factors [8].*

#### **Chronic INDuced Urticaria (CINDU) occur when identifiable stimuli trigger urticaria**


**Diagnosis** of CINDU is based on clinical history and where possible as result of provocation tests. It is paramount to identify accurately the specific trigger factor, confirm the diagnosis and assess the disease activity.


#### **Table 3.**

*List of different types of CINDU and their associated eliciting factors [5, 7, 10].*

Patients can develop systemic signs during provocation testing including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, vertigo, wheezing and even anaphylactic shock [5]. CINDU is responsible for 20–30% of all CU and can be associated with CSU in 14–36% (**Table 3**) [2, 4, 5, 9].
