**4. Conclusions**

The valve-in-valve TAVR has provided satisfactory outcomes for degenerative bioprosthetic aortic valve. It is recommended with class IIa indication in high risk patients for redo surgical AVR. However, physicians need to understand technical challenges in valve-in-valve TAVR such as residual high pressure gradient, prosthesis-patient mismatch and coronary obstruction. The long-term durability of valve-in-valve procedure remains unknown. Moreover, anticoagulation management and superiority between self-expandable and balloon-expandable valves have been controversial.

*The Current Perspectives in Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97521*
