Meet the editor

Mani T. Valarmathi is currently Director of Research and Development at Religen Inc., a life science company in Pennsylvania, USA. He began his scientific career as a cancer geneticist but soon became captivated with the emerging and translational fields of stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. After obtaining a bachelor's degree in Chemistry from the University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,

he obtained an MBBS in Medicine and Surgery and an MD in Pathology from the same university. Dr. Valarmathi also holds a Ph.D. in Medical Biotechnology from the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Over the past two decades, he has had extensive experience in research on various types of stem cells, and his research work has been focused on creating bioengineered human 3D vascularized tissues constructs for implantation purposes. At present, much of his research is directed towards developing innovative molecular genetic testing for precision and genetic medicine. He is a member of many prestigious national and international professional societies and scientific organizations, including the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR), Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International Society (TERMIS), American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), American Society for Investigative Pathology (ASIP), American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), American Chemical Society (ACS), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), International Society for Heart Research (ISHR), American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy (ASGCT), and American Heart Association (AHA).

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Ivan Ilić*

**Section 2**

in Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

Found the New Anticancer Drug?

*and Fernando Almeida-Souza*

**Preface XI**

Breast Cancer Pathobiology **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Breast Cancer Biomarkers **27**

**Chapter 2 29**

**Chapter 3 47**

Breast Cancer *In vitro* Models **63**

**Chapter 4 65**

Breast Cancer Pharmacotherapy **85**

**Chapter 5 87**

Potential Biomarkers for Therapeutic Monitoring and Clinical Outcome

*by Yuki Yamamoto, Sabrina La Salvia, Sahoo Susmita and Hidetoshi Tahara*

Molecular Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Triple - Negative

*by Heizel Rosado-Galindo, Lyanne Suarez and Maribella Domenech*

The Use of Plants' Natural Products in Breast Cancer: Have We Already

*by Isadora de Fátima Braga Magalhães, Kátia da Silva Calabrese,* 

*Ana Letícia Marinho Figueirêdo, Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva* 

*by Marketa Koleckova, Katherine Vomackova and Zdenek Kolar*

*In vitro* Approaches to Model Breast Tumor Complexity

Multifocality, Multicentricity, and Bilaterality of Breast Cancer

## Contents



Preface

Breast cancer is the most frequent invasive cancer among women worldwide, impacting more than two million women each year. It is also the number one cause of cancer-related deaths among women. The incidence of breast cancer varies greatly around the world. While breast cancer rates are higher among women in more developed regions, rates are increasing in nearly every region globally. Researchers and clinicians around the world are working to find better ways to prevent, detect, and treat breast cancer, and to improve the quality of life of

In recent years, there has been substantial development in breast cancer research and its clinical applications, for example, breast cancer biology and genomics; epidemiology and prevention; early detection and screening; as well as diagnosis and treatment. In addition, the advent of various emerging technologies, such as stem cell technology, genome editing technology, and bionanotechnology, as well as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, have enhanced our understanding of breast cancer and produced novel insights that could lead to the development and

deployment of newer clinical and/or therapeutic interventions.

support breast cancer product development.

Against this backdrop, this book examines recent advances in breast cancer biology and therapeutics. Chapters cover a broad spectrum of interrelated topics, presenting information in a comprehensible way to a greater scientific and clinical audience as well as patients, caregivers, and drug and device manufacturers to

Written by leading experts in basic science and clinical care, this book consists of nine chapters over six sections. The first section introduces the pathobiology of breast cancer, emphasizing the current challenges and future perspectives of multifocal, multicentric, and bilateral synchronous aspects of breast cancer. The second section deals with selected biomarkers of breast cancer, such as non-coding RNAs, and highlights the potential significance of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as novel therapeutic targets. A chapter in this section examines the potential role of various molecular prognostic and predictive markers, such as p53, EGFR, Fas, miRNA, PD-1, androgen receptors, and more, in the case of triple-negative breast

The third section discusses in vitro breast tumor models focusing on their

antagonist, on overexpressing EGFR/HER2 cell lines.

biomimetic capabilities, advantages, disadvantages, and specific applications. The fourth section explores recent developments in pharmacotherapy of breast cancer, particularly plant-based natural compounds that can be potentially harnessed as novel anticancer drugs. A chapter in this section delves into the structural insights of the anticancer properties of doxazosin, a selective alpha-1 adrenergic receptor

The fifth section reflects on advances in breast cancer screening and management, for example, the pathophysiology of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery,

patients and survivors.

cancer.
