**1. Introduction**

The biosynthesis process is multi-step for formation of organic compounds in a living microorganism by chemical energy (e.g. ATP). In biosynthesis, simple compounds or substrates by enzyme-catalyzed are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules [1]. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds [1].

Biosynthesis occurs due to a series of chemical reactions in which precursor compounds, catalytic enzymes, cofactors, and chemical energy are necessary for these reactions to take place. The biosynthetic processes responsible for the production can mentioned photosynthesis, lipogenesis, glycolysis, glyconeogenesis and Krebs cycle [2].

These biological processes result in the biosynthesis of intermediates which proceed towards manufacturing of secondary metabolites via alternate biosynthetic routes responsible for metabolite diversity in living organisms [3].

Metabolism is one of the biggest factors of inter-kingdom interactions along with the ones between microorganisms and their multicellular hosts. Ordinarily notion to fuel energy necessities and provide constructing blocks for biosynthetic pathways, metabolism is now liked for its position in imparting metabolites, smallmolecule intermediates generated from metabolic techniques, to perform various regulatory features to mediate symbiotic relationships between microbes and their hosts [4].

Metabolite is divided into two main categories in living organisms: Primary and Secondary metabolite. Primary metabolites include biological molecules i.e., vitamins, amino acids, nucleosides, Organic acids, Acetone-butanol, Ethanol, Vitamins, fats, carbohydrates and proteins, essential for the survival and well-being of the organism and are produced to sustain cell growth. Secondary metabolites are compounds with varied and sophisticated chemical structures, produced by microorganisms after the rapid growth phase. These compounds are not essential for growth [5].

#### **2. Microorganism metabolites**

Microorganism such as bacteria and fungi are inhabitants of diverse habitats worldwide. Due to which, they have evolved to cope with adverse conditions [6]. The structurally diverse secondary metabolites produced by them possess biological activities such as antibiotic, antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, many of which have been developed as treatments and have potential therapeutic applications for human diseases [6]. The produce secondary metabolites, also known as natural products. Aside from natural products, the recent development of recombinant DNA technology has sparked the development of a wide array of biopharmaceutical products, such as recombinant proteins, offering significant advances in treating a broad spectrum of medical illnesses and conditions [6, 7].

#### **2.1 Characteristics of secondary metabolites**

Secondary metabolites (SMs) are organic compounds with complex chemical structures and diverse physiological functions. Secondary metabolites include antibiotics, pigments, and other bioactive compounds (Bioactive word means Biologically Active). Many of these compounds have important agricultural and medical applications [8, 9].

Microorganisms are noted as a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites and bioactive metabolites. Some of these bioactive metabolites, such as antibiotics, siderophores, immunosuppressants and degradative enzymes are also useful in medicine and biotechnology. These play a role in defense mechanisms against predators [8].

Many microorganisms synthesize secondary metabolite molecules that play essential ecological roles of their complex and heterogeneous microenvironments.

**73**

*The Need to Use Microorganisms and Their Biosynthesized Bioactive Metabolites for Biological…*

Commonly, the genes governing the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are clustered collectively, and increasingly gene clusters accountable for the biosynthesis of

1) Secondary metabolites (SMs) may be produced only with the aid of a few microorganisms. 2) They will be inclined to be produced at the terminal of exponential growth or within the direction of substrate-restricted situations. 3) They're created from common metabolic intermediates but use specialized pathways encoded via a specific gene. Those products are not nessarary for the organism's very own growth, duplicate, and regular metabolism. 4) Secondary metabolites have uncommon chemical linkages, for instance, β-lactam rings, cyclic peptides, unsaturated linkage of polyacetylenes and polyenes, big macrolide rings, and so forth. 5) Increase situations, particularly the composition of the medium inside a fermentation machine, control the formation of secondary metabolites. 6) Those compositions are produced as a collection of carefully associated systems. 7)

The provision of clusters has improved purposeful investigations of biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. An intensive understanding of the enzymatic method is required for metabolic engineering to enhance manufacturing of secondary metabolites and for combinatorial biosynthesis to generate novel compounds or derivatives. Secondary metabolites are usually produced at some point of the desk

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96667*

secondary metabolites were located [10].

bound section of growth in microorganisms [11].

*2.1.1 Secondary metabolites have the subsequent traits*

Secondary metabolic compositions can be overproduced [5].

antibiotics are urgently had to combat this trouble [12, 13].

**3. Use tools to identify significance microbial metabolites**

have wonderful monetary significance [13].

**2.2 Why secondary metabolites are produced by the organisms?**

Secondary metabolites seem to act the organisms that produce them as (1) competitive tools used in opposition to different microorganisms, flora, bugs, and large animals; (2) sexual hormones; (3) agents of plant–microbe symbiosis and plant increase stimulation; (4) metallic transporting dealers; and (5) differentiation effectors [12]. Secondary metabolites have a first-rate impact at the fitness, nutrients, and economics of communities. Antibiotics are the most essential of the secondary metabolites. The alarming rise in emergence and occurrence of antibiotic resistance poses a primary danger to human healthcare. It is clean that novel

Different secondary metabolites are insecticides, pesticides, pigments, xenobiotics, effectors of ecological competition and symbiosis, pheromones, enzyme inhibitors, immunomodulating factors, receptor antagonists and agonists, insecticides, antitumor agents, immunosuppressives, cholesterol-lowering factors, plant protectants, and growth promotants of animals and herbals. As a stop result, they

Intense interest in the intestine microbes over the past decade has led to understanding of diet–microbiota–host interactions suggests significant opportunities to create new therapeutic approaches, including selectively altering the microbial production of molecules to promote human health and prevent disease [14]. A sequence of landmark metabolomics research over the past decade have appreciably superior our know-how via the usage of mass spectrometry (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) evaluation to select out in all likelihood crucial *The Need to Use Microorganisms and Their Biosynthesized Bioactive Metabolites for Biological… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96667*

Commonly, the genes governing the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are clustered collectively, and increasingly gene clusters accountable for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were located [10].

The provision of clusters has improved purposeful investigations of biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. An intensive understanding of the enzymatic method is required for metabolic engineering to enhance manufacturing of secondary metabolites and for combinatorial biosynthesis to generate novel compounds or derivatives. Secondary metabolites are usually produced at some point of the desk bound section of growth in microorganisms [11].

#### *2.1.1 Secondary metabolites have the subsequent traits*

*Bioactive Compounds - Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications*

routes responsible for metabolite diversity in living organisms [3].

Krebs cycle [2].

hosts [4].

for growth [5].

conditions [6, 7].

medical applications [8, 9].

**2. Microorganism metabolites**

**2.1 Characteristics of secondary metabolites**

Biosynthesis occurs due to a series of chemical reactions in which precursor compounds, catalytic enzymes, cofactors, and chemical energy are necessary for these reactions to take place. The biosynthetic processes responsible for the production can mentioned photosynthesis, lipogenesis, glycolysis, glyconeogenesis and

These biological processes result in the biosynthesis of intermediates which proceed towards manufacturing of secondary metabolites via alternate biosynthetic

Metabolism is one of the biggest factors of inter-kingdom interactions along with the ones between microorganisms and their multicellular hosts. Ordinarily notion to fuel energy necessities and provide constructing blocks for biosynthetic pathways, metabolism is now liked for its position in imparting metabolites, smallmolecule intermediates generated from metabolic techniques, to perform various regulatory features to mediate symbiotic relationships between microbes and their

Metabolite is divided into two main categories in living organisms: Primary and Secondary metabolite. Primary metabolites include biological molecules i.e., vitamins, amino acids, nucleosides, Organic acids, Acetone-butanol, Ethanol, Vitamins, fats, carbohydrates and proteins, essential for the survival and well-being of the organism and are produced to sustain cell growth. Secondary metabolites are compounds with varied and sophisticated chemical structures, produced by microorganisms after the rapid growth phase. These compounds are not essential

Microorganism such as bacteria and fungi are inhabitants of diverse habitats worldwide. Due to which, they have evolved to cope with adverse conditions [6]. The structurally diverse secondary metabolites produced by them possess biological activities such as antibiotic, antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, many of which have been developed as treatments and have potential therapeutic applications for human diseases [6]. The produce secondary metabolites, also known as natural products. Aside from natural products, the recent development of recombinant DNA technology has sparked the development of a wide array of biopharmaceutical products, such as recombinant proteins, offering significant advances in treating a broad spectrum of medical illnesses and

Secondary metabolites (SMs) are organic compounds with complex chemical structures and diverse physiological functions. Secondary metabolites include antibiotics, pigments, and other bioactive compounds (Bioactive word means Biologically Active). Many of these compounds have important agricultural and

Microorganisms are noted as a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites and bioactive metabolites. Some of these bioactive metabolites, such as antibiotics, siderophores, immunosuppressants and degradative enzymes are also useful in medicine and biotechnology. These play a role in defense mechanisms against

Many microorganisms synthesize secondary metabolite molecules that play essential ecological roles of their complex and heterogeneous microenvironments.

**72**

predators [8].

1) Secondary metabolites (SMs) may be produced only with the aid of a few microorganisms. 2) They will be inclined to be produced at the terminal of exponential growth or within the direction of substrate-restricted situations. 3) They're created from common metabolic intermediates but use specialized pathways encoded via a specific gene. Those products are not nessarary for the organism's very own growth, duplicate, and regular metabolism. 4) Secondary metabolites have uncommon chemical linkages, for instance, β-lactam rings, cyclic peptides, unsaturated linkage of polyacetylenes and polyenes, big macrolide rings, and so forth. 5) Increase situations, particularly the composition of the medium inside a fermentation machine, control the formation of secondary metabolites. 6) Those compositions are produced as a collection of carefully associated systems. 7) Secondary metabolic compositions can be overproduced [5].

#### **2.2 Why secondary metabolites are produced by the organisms?**

Secondary metabolites seem to act the organisms that produce them as (1) competitive tools used in opposition to different microorganisms, flora, bugs, and large animals; (2) sexual hormones; (3) agents of plant–microbe symbiosis and plant increase stimulation; (4) metallic transporting dealers; and (5) differentiation effectors [12]. Secondary metabolites have a first-rate impact at the fitness, nutrients, and economics of communities. Antibiotics are the most essential of the secondary metabolites. The alarming rise in emergence and occurrence of antibiotic resistance poses a primary danger to human healthcare. It is clean that novel antibiotics are urgently had to combat this trouble [12, 13].

Different secondary metabolites are insecticides, pesticides, pigments, xenobiotics, effectors of ecological competition and symbiosis, pheromones, enzyme inhibitors, immunomodulating factors, receptor antagonists and agonists, insecticides, antitumor agents, immunosuppressives, cholesterol-lowering factors, plant protectants, and growth promotants of animals and herbals. As a stop result, they have wonderful monetary significance [13].

#### **3. Use tools to identify significance microbial metabolites**

Intense interest in the intestine microbes over the past decade has led to understanding of diet–microbiota–host interactions suggests significant opportunities to create new therapeutic approaches, including selectively altering the microbial production of molecules to promote human health and prevent disease [14].

A sequence of landmark metabolomics research over the past decade have appreciably superior our know-how via the usage of mass spectrometry (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) evaluation to select out in all likelihood crucial microbial metabolites that derive from the gut microbes, which might be enriched or depleted in diseased humans, or that can be used to are expecting physiological response to meals or different interventions [13].

Researchers have established a number of metabolites which can play essential roles in human fitness and ailment, together with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and long-chain fatty acid metabolites which inclusives conjugated linoleic acid and 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoate, trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide, tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolites collectively with hippuric acid, phenylacetylglycine, phenyl sulfate, paracresyl sulfate, phenylpropionylglycine, cinnamoylglycine and equol sulfate and tryptophan metabolites together with indole, indole-three- propionate and indoxyl-sulfate [13, 15].

A number of the metabolites diagnosed by manner of these research result from the transformation of unique nutritional components via pick out species of microbes that express the important enzymes to behave on these additives. For that reason, the variable presence of microbes using those eating regimen-established metabolic pathways can be key to knowledge the variable host reaction to particular nutritional components and susceptibility to illnessess [13].

lots work stays to completely symbolize the physiological results of those and the many other microbial metabolites that can be essential in human health [16].

Accordingly, it appears there may be a vast want for cautiously controlled research to decide the physiological outcomes of each recognized microbial metabolite and its particular mechanisms of action [16]. Moreover, so that you can fully take advantage of the capacity of the gut microbiota for disease prevention, we need a much more expertise of ways dietary additives and host genetics affect the manufacturing of numerous metabolites. The gut microbiota for human health, the remarkable progress of the last decade suggests that such approaches have significant potential to revolutionize therapeutic approaches to human disease [17].

#### **4. Biosynthesis of vitamins by probiotic bacteria**

The connection among vertabrates and the microbial cells that reside of their gastrointestinal tracts relies on a complicated molecular, with microbial metabolites acting as essential mediators of this a complex molecular. Important roles for numerous microbial metabolic pathways in host body structure were lengthy mounted, along side in the production of a few vitamins, the degradation of dietary oxalates, and change of bile salts [13].

Vitamins are crucial micronutrients which may be frequently precursors to enzymes, which all living cells require to carry out biochemical reactions. Since human body cannot synthesize many vitamins, simply so they want to be externally received [18]. The use of vitamins-generating microorganisms can be a natural and marketable approach to the usage of pseudo-vitamins which may be chemically produced, and could permit for the producing of foodstuffs with better levels of vitamins that could lessen unwanted facet outcomes. Probiotic bacteria, further to commensal microorganism observed inside the human intestine, consisting of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, can de novo synthesize and supply nutrients to human body [18].

Within the human body, groups of the intestine microbiota are capable of synthesize vitamin K and the production of water-soluble B vitamins including cobalamin (vitamin B12), folate (vitamin B9), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and thiamine (vitamin B1). All of these vitamins are essential for the body and serve as a co-factor for the specific enzymes [19].

**75**

*The Need to Use Microorganisms and Their Biosynthesized Bioactive Metabolites for Biological…*

Microorganisms are taken into consideration a treasured resource for novel wholesome food ingredients and biologically lively compounds. Microorganisms have increasingly been used to synthesis value-added products with numerous functions inside the agricultural, foods and pharmaceutical industries [20].

Furthermore, the recent advancement in analytical measurement, such as chromatography, with a particular reference to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), allowed the simultaneous analysis of various compounds, with rapid and accurate results [21]. Functional foods and natural-health products comprise quite a wide range of food ingredients, with various bioactive compounds responsible for their activity in

Prebiotics serve via various mechanisms, which includes producing vitamins, interacting with host immune structures, stopping pathogen adhesion to host cells, and affecting the morphological shape of the intestine, all of which likely act via the modulation of intestinal microbiota. A broad sort of dietary compounds may satisfy those criteria. so far, the maximum promising dietary fibers with promising prebiotic capabilities are nondigestible oligosaccharides containing 3–9 sugar

Dietary carbohydrates especially Fructooligosaccharides are notably emerging

as an important prebiotic due to their hypocaloric, bifidogenic, and noncariogenic functions. The possible health benefits associated with the consumption of Fructooligosaccharides has led to their increased acceptance as food ingredients and

There are numerous benefits of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), for human health. PUFAs, which are involved in many vital biological activities, such as inflammatory, immune, and cancer processes. In fact, PUFAs form a unique class of food constituents with numerous functions; they are considered food and nutritional products with specific health-promoting activities, modulating the risk

PUFAs are fatty acids (FAs) are found in particular in fish, vegetable oils, inclusive of sunflower, flaxseed, soybean, rapeseed, and marine belongings. In latest many years, there has been interest within the utilization of microorganisms as ability promising producers of determined on PUFAs. But, the growth in PUFA call for and the decline in fish shares have stepped forward the attention paid to microorganisms, for the reason that microorganisms can be cultivated underneath managed conditions with immoderate growth rates and that additionally they do not compete for land for unique meals manufacturing. The principle microbial resources of PUFAs are marine algae, fungi, and

alternative sweeteners used in diabetic formulations [15].

These value-added compounds can also embody enzymes, prebiotics, fatty acid, antioxidants, proteins, polysaccharides, organic acids, and biofuels. For this reason, microbial biosynthesis offers a renewable, environmentally benign route, sustain-

**5. Using of microorganisms as valuable resource for healthy food**

able feedstocks and economically appealing alternatives [1].

disease prevention and/or health promotion [22].

monomers [15].

**5.2 Omega-3 PUFAs**

of certain diseases [15].

microorganism [15, 23].

**5.1 Fructooligosaccharides**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96667*

*The Need to Use Microorganisms and Their Biosynthesized Bioactive Metabolites for Biological… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96667*
