**Acronyms and abbreviations**


**117**

**Author details**

Sunita Sharma

Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: sunita.sharma@sharda.ac.in

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*Biosynthesis of the Immunomodulatory Molecule Capsular Polysaccharide…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96937*

GAG glucosaminoglycan

PglF a dehydratase

TCR T-cell receptor

4,6-pyr-Gal 4,6-pyruvate-galactose 4,6-pyr-Glc 4,6-pyruvate-glucose

GalNAc N-acetylgalactosesamine GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine Galp galactopyranose

iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase IPTG isopropylthiogalactopyranoside

MHCII major histocompatibility class II

LC/MS Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

TACA tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen

2AA-BP 2-amideaniline bactoprenyl monophosphate 2CNA-BP 2-nitrileaniline bactoprenyl monophosphate

MALDI-MS Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

PHYRE2 Protein Homology/analogy Recognition Engine v 2.0

Galf galactofuranose

HLA-DR human leukocyte antigen DR HR-MS high resolution mass spectrometry *Biosynthesis of the Immunomodulatory Molecule Capsular Polysaccharide… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96937*

*Bioactive Compounds - Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications*

polymerized synthetically.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Acronyms and abbreviations**

*E. coli*. *Escherichia coli*

BPP bactoprenyl diphosphate BP bactoprenyl phosphate

CE capillary electrophoresis CPS capsular polysaccharide CPSA capsular polysaccharide A

HLA-DM human leukocyte antigen DM

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

manuscript.

**4. Conclusion**

obtained in this way, can then be linked to the antigen. The chemoenzymatic method has also been used to create capsule polysaccharide based glycoconjugates for *Neisseria meningitidis* serotypes A, C and X [72–74]. In some cases, recombinant glycosyltransferases can be used to assemble non-native carbohydrate antigens in compliant host organisms like *Escherichia coli*. This method has been successfully used by the Brendan W. Wren lab for the in vivo assembly of capsular polysaccharide from several serotypes of *Streptococcus pneumoniae*. A similar approach is also currently being applied with respect to CPSA, wherein the whole CPSA biosynthesis and assembly will be done inside *E. coli*. This will allow to have access to longer oligomers of CPSA, which can be helpful in studies towards size requirement in eliciting immune response. So far there have been no reports of CPSA unit being

CPSA molecue has a very common modification on its surface. Pyruvylation of sugars is fairly common yet an extensive search of the literature reveals little on successful isolations of an enzyme responsible for this sugar modification. However, very recently a family of genes has been identified that appear to be involved in pyruvate transfer reactions in prokaryotes. A publication in 2013 showed successful purification of pyruvyltransferase Pvg1p from the eukaryote *Schizosaccharomyces pombe*. This group demonstrated the activity of Pvg1p on beta-nitrophenyl galactose, a substrate analogue of galactose [54]. Apart from this eukaryotic pyruvyltransferase Pvg1p and the prokaryotic pyruvyltransferase PssM from *R. leguminosarum*, no other pyruvyltransferases have been characterized [55]. More studies are needed in uncovering this family of enzymes, and also a path needs to be elucidated towards the polymerization of CPSA, to reap its full therapeutic benefits.

The author acknowledges help of Dr. Swati Singh in the preparation of the

AADGal 2-N-acetylamido-4-amino-6-deoxy-galactopyranose

CAZY Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes database

EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

**116**

