*2.6.4 Ultrasound-assisted extraction*

They used to remove bioactive mixtures, similar to cancer prevention agents, fundamental oils, steroids, and lipids from plants. The utilization of ultrasound improves the entrance of the dissolvable into cell materials, encouraging mass exchange and the arrival of the mixtures to be removed. The recurrence of ultrasound impacts the yield and extraction energy. At frequencies >20 kHz sound waves produce extension pressure cycles, in a fluid this outcome in the arrangement of air pockets that develop and breakdown close to the strong network, encouraging extraction [4, 21].

#### *2.6.5 Microwave-assisted extraction*

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves comprising of an electric field and an attractive field that waver oppositely to one another at frequencies somewhere in the range of 0.3 and 300GHz. The microwave energy acts straightforwardly on the particles by ionic conduction and dipole revolution, motivation behind why just polar materials can be warmed as such. The microwave-helped extraction relies upon the dielectric defenselessness of both dissolvable and network. Since the water inside the lattice assimilates microwaves, the interruption of the material is controlled by an inward overheating, which likewise improves the recuperation of the extricated compound. Microwave-helped extraction is characterized into shut and open frameworks. In a shut framework, the extractions are done in a fixed vessel under uniform warming; in this framework the high pressing factor and temperature permit fast and proficient extraction. Then again, open frameworks are more reasonable for extricating thermolabile mixtures, since they work under less extraordinary conditions [4, 22].

#### *2.6.6 Pulsed electric field extraction*

*The* cellular wall and cell membranes act as protective layer that prevent the bioactive compounds extraction in animal and plant tissues. The transmembrane segment of the cell lead to pores or electroporation by the application of an electric field. The power of the electrical pulses provides is changeable or unchangeable may form the electroporation. The pores are small associated to the whole area of the current or electric and its membrane breakdown may vary. On the contrary, increasing the intensity and time of the treatment, it is irreversible to the permeability of cell membrane [4, 23].

#### *2.6.7 Enzyme-assisted extraction*

An alternative method to solvent-based extraction. It depends on the enzymes to selectivity and catalyze reactions in aqueous humor. On the constituent of cell membranes, the enzymes with hydrolytic activity such as cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases, etc. increases cell wall permeability and bioactive compounds extraction was yield such as antioxidants, pigments and compounds with pharmaceutical applications [4, 10, 11, 24].

#### **2.7 Medicinal importance of phenolic compounds**

Current studies have associated that consuming the foods are abundant in PC are beneficial in prevention of non-communicable diseases or lifestyle disorder which includes cardiovascular diseases, certain group of cancer, and diseases associated with aging [25]. The biological effects acquired from PC were trait to antioxidant properties [26].

They are as follows.

#### *2.7.1 Antiseptic*

PC have effects on human health which was revealed by Bravo in 1998 [29]. PC was used phenol as an antiseptic from ancient times. Now a day, it is no longer used due to, its side effects on living tissues that create blister formation specially on high concentrations. As an antiseptic agent, it is effective against the bacterium *Staphylococcus aureus* i.e. 5% (w/v) solution of phenol. It is used as an oral esthetic with the concentration of 1.4% in throat pastille. It is also in sunscreens lotions. It

**233**

*Phenolic Compounds*

*2.7.2 Antioxidant*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96740*

and acne the usage is reduced [10, 27].

activity of polyphenols [10, 28].

etc. [4, 29, 30].

adipocytes [4, 31].

*2.7.4 Anti-obesity activity*

*2.7.5 Anti-diabetic activity*

*2.7.6 Antiaging activity*

complications of type 2 diabetes [33–37].

and revealed by antioxidant phytochemicals [34–37].

*2.7.3 Protective against cardiovascular diseases*

helps to prevent sunburns due to the presence of the aromatic ring which is an effective absorbance of the UV-B radiation (ranging from 280 and 315 nm) from the sun. It was widely used since the 1970's and nowadays due to the formation of skin rashes

The oxidative damage and an imbalance to large biomolecules, like lipids, DNA, and proteins may be due to overproduction of oxidants in physical body. This damage includes the pathogenesis of many human diseases i.e. cardiovascular diseases (CVD), certain sorts of cancers and aging. Thus, it could be a crucial role for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases by antioxidant phytochemicals which are demonstrated to have antioxidant abilities in human studies. Compounds are scavenging radicals that are referred as antioxidants. The important anti-oxidants are vitamin C and vitamin E. A lack of vitamin C in the diet leads to scurvy. The symptoms include rotten gums, purple lesions on the skin, loss of teeth etc. Vitamin E is a mixture of α-, β-, γ-, and δtocopherol in that α-tocopherol is the most effective. Vitamin E is lipid-soluble and has the ability to disrupt the chain reaction at the time of lipid peroxidation. They provided many health benefits by antioxidant

Polyphenols are helpful for preventing and treating CVD by antioxidant activity and also by other bioactivities such as preventing platelet aggregation. Anti-inflammation and adhesion which includes oxidative stress and other damage because they owe other physiological effects, like blood pressure reduction

This activity includes quercetin which may be mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways (MAPK) and the adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase (AMPK), respectively in mature adipocytes and pre

Due to hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia, diabetes is usually associated by expand the yielding of free radicals or oxidative stress. There is a remarkable decrease in plasma antioxidants in diabetes and its complication. The metabolic homeostasis was better, and the development of T2D and its complications was observed in Cohort studies showed that was retard or prevented by taking of whole grain foods [32, 33]. PCs such as flavonoids and phenolic acids are helpful in promoting health by decreasing the high risk of metabolic syndrome and the associated

An important factor in aging or age-associated degenerative diseases, the free radicals and oxidative stress have been believed as an antioxidant systems are declined during aging. Antiaging activities is explained by different mechanisms

#### *Phenolic Compounds DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96740*

helps to prevent sunburns due to the presence of the aromatic ring which is an effective absorbance of the UV-B radiation (ranging from 280 and 315 nm) from the sun. It was widely used since the 1970's and nowadays due to the formation of skin rashes and acne the usage is reduced [10, 27].
