**5. Using of microorganisms as valuable resource for healthy food**

Microorganisms are taken into consideration a treasured resource for novel wholesome food ingredients and biologically lively compounds. Microorganisms have increasingly been used to synthesis value-added products with numerous functions inside the agricultural, foods and pharmaceutical industries [20].

These value-added compounds can also embody enzymes, prebiotics, fatty acid, antioxidants, proteins, polysaccharides, organic acids, and biofuels. For this reason, microbial biosynthesis offers a renewable, environmentally benign route, sustainable feedstocks and economically appealing alternatives [1].

Furthermore, the recent advancement in analytical measurement, such as chromatography, with a particular reference to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), allowed the simultaneous analysis of various compounds, with rapid and accurate results [21]. Functional foods and natural-health products comprise quite a wide range of food ingredients, with various bioactive compounds responsible for their activity in disease prevention and/or health promotion [22].

Prebiotics serve via various mechanisms, which includes producing vitamins, interacting with host immune structures, stopping pathogen adhesion to host cells, and affecting the morphological shape of the intestine, all of which likely act via the modulation of intestinal microbiota. A broad sort of dietary compounds may satisfy those criteria. so far, the maximum promising dietary fibers with promising prebiotic capabilities are nondigestible oligosaccharides containing 3–9 sugar monomers [15].

#### **5.1 Fructooligosaccharides**

*Bioactive Compounds - Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications*

response to meals or different interventions [13].

indole-three- propionate and indoxyl-sulfate [13, 15].

nutritional components and susceptibility to illnessess [13].

**4. Biosynthesis of vitamins by probiotic bacteria**

oxalates, and change of bile salts [13].

microbial metabolites that derive from the gut microbes, which might be enriched or depleted in diseased humans, or that can be used to are expecting physiological

Researchers have established a number of metabolites which can play essential roles in human fitness and ailment, together with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and long-chain fatty acid metabolites which inclusives conjugated linoleic acid and 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoate, trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide, tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolites collectively with hippuric acid, phenylacetylglycine, phenyl sulfate, paracresyl sulfate, phenylpropionylglycine, cinnamoylglycine and equol sulfate and tryptophan metabolites together with indole,

A number of the metabolites diagnosed by manner of these research result from the transformation of unique nutritional components via pick out species of microbes that express the important enzymes to behave on these additives. For that reason, the variable presence of microbes using those eating regimen-established metabolic pathways can be key to knowledge the variable host reaction to particular

lots work stays to completely symbolize the physiological results of those and the

The connection among vertabrates and the microbial cells that reside of their gastrointestinal tracts relies on a complicated molecular, with microbial metabolites acting as essential mediators of this a complex molecular. Important roles for numerous microbial metabolic pathways in host body structure were lengthy mounted, along side in the production of a few vitamins, the degradation of dietary

Vitamins are crucial micronutrients which may be frequently precursors to enzymes, which all living cells require to carry out biochemical reactions. Since human body cannot synthesize many vitamins, simply so they want to be externally received [18]. The use of vitamins-generating microorganisms can be a natural and marketable approach to the usage of pseudo-vitamins which may be chemically produced, and could permit for the producing of foodstuffs with better levels of vitamins that could lessen unwanted facet outcomes. Probiotic bacteria, further to commensal microorganism observed inside the human intestine, consisting of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, can de novo synthesize and supply nutrients to

Within the human body, groups of the intestine microbiota are capable of synthesize vitamin K and the production of water-soluble B vitamins including cobalamin (vitamin B12), folate (vitamin B9), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and thiamine (vitamin B1). All of these vitamins are essential for the

body and serve as a co-factor for the specific enzymes [19].

many other microbial metabolites that can be essential in human health [16]. Accordingly, it appears there may be a vast want for cautiously controlled research to decide the physiological outcomes of each recognized microbial metabolite and its particular mechanisms of action [16]. Moreover, so that you can fully take advantage of the capacity of the gut microbiota for disease prevention, we need a much more expertise of ways dietary additives and host genetics affect the manufacturing of numerous metabolites. The gut microbiota for human health, the remarkable progress of the last decade suggests that such approaches have significant potential to revolutionize therapeutic approaches to human disease [17].

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human body [18].

Dietary carbohydrates especially Fructooligosaccharides are notably emerging as an important prebiotic due to their hypocaloric, bifidogenic, and noncariogenic functions. The possible health benefits associated with the consumption of Fructooligosaccharides has led to their increased acceptance as food ingredients and alternative sweeteners used in diabetic formulations [15].

#### **5.2 Omega-3 PUFAs**

There are numerous benefits of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), for human health. PUFAs, which are involved in many vital biological activities, such as inflammatory, immune, and cancer processes. In fact, PUFAs form a unique class of food constituents with numerous functions; they are considered food and nutritional products with specific health-promoting activities, modulating the risk of certain diseases [15].

PUFAs are fatty acids (FAs) are found in particular in fish, vegetable oils, inclusive of sunflower, flaxseed, soybean, rapeseed, and marine belongings. In latest many years, there has been interest within the utilization of microorganisms as ability promising producers of determined on PUFAs. But, the growth in PUFA call for and the decline in fish shares have stepped forward the attention paid to microorganisms, for the reason that microorganisms can be cultivated underneath managed conditions with immoderate growth rates and that additionally they do not compete for land for unique meals manufacturing. The principle microbial resources of PUFAs are marine algae, fungi, and microorganism [15, 23].
