*2.7.2 Antioxidant*

*Bioactive Compounds - Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications*

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves comprising of an electric field and an attractive field that waver oppositely to one another at frequencies somewhere in the range of 0.3 and 300GHz. The microwave energy acts straightforwardly on the particles by ionic conduction and dipole revolution, motivation behind why just polar materials can be warmed as such. The microwave-helped extraction relies upon the dielectric defenselessness of both dissolvable and network. Since the water inside the lattice assimilates microwaves, the interruption of the material is controlled by an inward overheating, which likewise improves the recuperation of the extricated compound. Microwave-helped extraction is characterized into shut and open frameworks. In a shut framework, the extractions are done in a fixed vessel under uniform warming; in this framework the high pressing factor and temperature permit fast and proficient extraction. Then again, open frameworks are more reasonable for extricating thermolabile mixtures, since they work under less extraordinary conditions [4, 22].

*The* cellular wall and cell membranes act as protective layer that prevent the bioactive compounds extraction in animal and plant tissues. The transmembrane segment of the cell lead to pores or electroporation by the application of an electric field. The power of the electrical pulses provides is changeable or unchangeable may form the electroporation. The pores are small associated to the whole area of the current or electric and its membrane breakdown may vary. On the contrary, increasing the intensity and time of the treatment, it is irreversible to the perme-

An alternative method to solvent-based extraction. It depends on the enzymes

Current studies have associated that consuming the foods are abundant in PC are beneficial in prevention of non-communicable diseases or lifestyle disorder which includes cardiovascular diseases, certain group of cancer, and diseases associated with aging [25]. The biological effects acquired from PC were trait to antioxidant

PC have effects on human health which was revealed by Bravo in 1998 [29]. PC was used phenol as an antiseptic from ancient times. Now a day, it is no longer used due to, its side effects on living tissues that create blister formation specially on high concentrations. As an antiseptic agent, it is effective against the bacterium *Staphylococcus aureus* i.e. 5% (w/v) solution of phenol. It is used as an oral esthetic with the concentration of 1.4% in throat pastille. It is also in sunscreens lotions. It

to selectivity and catalyze reactions in aqueous humor. On the constituent of cell membranes, the enzymes with hydrolytic activity such as cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases, etc. increases cell wall permeability and bioactive compounds extraction was yield such as antioxidants, pigments and compounds with pharma-

*2.6.5 Microwave-assisted extraction*

*2.6.6 Pulsed electric field extraction*

ability of cell membrane [4, 23].

*2.6.7 Enzyme-assisted extraction*

ceutical applications [4, 10, 11, 24].

**2.7 Medicinal importance of phenolic compounds**

**232**

properties [26].

*2.7.1 Antiseptic*

They are as follows.

The oxidative damage and an imbalance to large biomolecules, like lipids, DNA, and proteins may be due to overproduction of oxidants in physical body. This damage includes the pathogenesis of many human diseases i.e. cardiovascular diseases (CVD), certain sorts of cancers and aging. Thus, it could be a crucial role for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases by antioxidant phytochemicals which are demonstrated to have antioxidant abilities in human studies. Compounds are scavenging radicals that are referred as antioxidants. The important anti-oxidants are vitamin C and vitamin E. A lack of vitamin C in the diet leads to scurvy. The symptoms include rotten gums, purple lesions on the skin, loss of teeth etc. Vitamin E is a mixture of α-, β-, γ-, and δtocopherol in that α-tocopherol is the most effective. Vitamin E is lipid-soluble and has the ability to disrupt the chain reaction at the time of lipid peroxidation. They provided many health benefits by antioxidant activity of polyphenols [10, 28].
