*3.5.2 Works done on aristolochic acid*

Aristolochia species that contain aristolochic acid is Aristolochia triangularis. Oliveira et al., [118] had revealed several studies such as the antiproliferative effect, and his conclusions show its outcomes are very desirable.

Several studies have reported that aristolochic acid is the potential of causing carcinogenic effects in humans [119]. Nephrotoxic effects of the renal cortex and further damage to the liver and bladder when much of it is ingested; likely because of the formation of bulky chemical DNA adducts. AA is dA-AA formation is the most abundant and mutagenic form of DNA adduct associated with. In exons 2–11 of TP53, mutation results from bulky chemical DNA adducts, primarily of A: T base pairs [120, 121] have also conducted potential nephrotoxic effects of aristolochic acids and also proposed possible molecular mechanism of such effect. This is through induction of oxidative/nitros active stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis induction, inflammatory responses induction, and fibrosis. A pharmacokinetic study conducted by [122] also added up that Aristolochic nephrotoxicity comprises dose-dependent and progressive tubular damage, even though significant changes in the morphology of glomeruli was not seen.
