*6.3.3 Optimum operating conditions*

*Bioactive Compounds - Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications*

Carotenoids Marigold

Volatile oil Mandarin

Carotene Carrot

Glycosides Sugar Grapefruit

Others Vanillin Vanilla

Flavonoid (naringin)

flower

peel

pomace

peel waste

artichoke

green pods

Kinnow peel

and white beans

pomace

beverage

pomace

Pectin Pumpkin Xylase, cellulose,

Inulin Jerusalem

Proteins Lentils

Polyphenols Grape

Catechins Tea

Soluble fibre Carrot

**Product Source Enzyme used Maximum** 

Lycopene Tomato Pancreatin 2.5-fold

Anthocyanin Grape skin Pectinex BE3-L n.d.a

Oligosaccharide Rice bran Cellulase 39.9

Starch Cassava Pectinase enzyme 45.6

Phenolics Citrus peel Celluzyme MX 65.5

Lignans Flax Cellulase and glycosidase 40.75 mg/g

Cellulase-rich crude preparation

Capsaicin Chilli Cellulase, hemicellulase and

Colourant Pitaya Pectinolytic, hemicellulolytic

pectinase

Viscozyme, Pectinex, neutrase, corolase and HT-proteolytic

Tomato Cellulase and pectinase 206

pectinase

and cellulolytic enzymes

β-glucosidase, endopolygalacturonase and pectinesterase

Xylan-degrading enzymes 15

Pectinex Ultra SP-L 0.0064

Cellulase and pectinase 0.6377

β-glucosidase and pectinase 14–21

Recombinant rhamnosidase n.d.a

Glucoamylases 50.3

Pectinolytic 98.1

Pepsin 80

Inulinase n.d.a

Oil Grape seed Cellulase, protease, xylase and

**yield (%)**

17.5

97

n.d.a

83.5

14.0

77.3

**Product type**

Oils and carotenoids

enhanced. Enzymes bind to their specific substrates by conformational complementarity forming the enzyme-substrate complex and therefore, allowing the hydrolysis to occur. This process is a function of various parameters such as temperature,

*List of bioactive compounds of industrial importance obtained by enzyme- assisted extraction from plants [26].*

**44**

*a*

**Table 1.**

*Abbreviation: n.d., not defined.*

The choice of enzymes is the first parameter to study. It is dependent on the chemical structure of the targeted compounds, the structural complexity of the cell wall, and the nature of the raw material. A combination of different enzymes is possible. Optimum temperature and pH are then selected based on the enzymes chosen (**Table 2**) [27].

Particle size is also a determinant parameter. Small particles were observed to have a better contact between enzymes and substrate and thus lead to a better release of bio-actives.

A prior understanding of the composition of the raw material, the structure of the cell wall, and the nature of the destinated compounds are necessary for the determination of the optimum operating conditions as it facilitates the selection of enzymes and optimizing related parameters [27].
