**Table 13.**

*Final risk rating for the mini-grid in Tsumkwe.*


**Table 14.** *FinalInvestment*

 *grade.*

#### *Advancing Off-Grid Electrification by Uncovering the Holistic Risk Landscape Using… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98040*

Taking all of the above dimensions into account, the risk rating results in a "moderately weak rating" (bb+). While the overall result reflects the general tendency towards a rather challenging environment, the final evaluation also revealed strengths and weaknesses.

**Table 14** clearly illustrates that Tsumkwe's mini-grid is exposed to high risk associated with a low level of technology maintenance and a widespread lack of education.

The economic environment is assessed by a moderate risk (economic score B). That is a typical outcome for remote areas with limited access to income generating activities. The (national) regulatory environment is admittedly transparent and relatively stable. A shortfall is outlined in the ERI 2019, as Namibian regulations do not necessarily have a convincing impact on consumers, but rather on power utilities [25]. The conducted analyses, moreover, uncovered the substantial need to translate regulatory knowledge, technical guidelines and issued codes from large energy projects to much smaller mini-grid initiatives. While many policies target grid-based power generation, off-grid regulations are indeed scarce. The Africa Minigrid Developers Association, moreover, ascertained that the digitization of relevant processes would potentially accelerate the development [34]. Apart from the digitalization of e.g. licensing processes to simplify the establishment of minigrids for investors, this also corresponds to the above-mentioned finding that online portals are needed to disseminate information concerning off-grid possibilities among the population. As the mini-grid in Tsumkwe received funding from donors, the financial score is rated to be less strong. Private investors have inevitably a positive impact on the profitability due to allegedly commercial targets.
