**5. Procedural framework for public employment services**

In Austria, job search is mainly conducted on the internet. Vacancies can be found all over Austria or around the world via the **eJob-Room** online platform. It provides many functions that make it easy to search and manage documents to submit a job application, and it is also available as an application for the mobile, accessible from the *Apple App Store, Google Play Store, Windows Phone App, Windows 8 App (Tablet)*. Services are available for jobseekers, companies, statistics and organization data. The AMS e-job is also the largest apprenticeship exchange place in Austria. In addition, a robot is available for assistance in expanding job searches to vacancies advertised on company websites. For job loss, the announcement on the AMS platform is made online, but does not automatically lead to obtaining unemployment benefits. Unemployment benefits, must be applied for in order to get such an allowance as this involves a different procedure. Accessing the **oesterreich.gv.at.** platform, people can receive advice/counseling.

SEPE in Spain has a website, **www.sepe.es**, where you can access employment services and various information. This virtual space brings together links to other portals of interest for employment such as the website of the National Employment System (public portal *Empléate*), the website of the Public Employment Service of the Autonomous Community or that of a European Public Employment Service. In addition, online links are provided to entities such as the Ministry of Employment and Social Security or the State Foundation for Vocational Training.

The unique employment portal "*Empléate*", similar to the *eJob*-Room in Austria, contains information about jobs for both individuals and legal entities and offers increased visibility of job offers. The platform hosts useful information to guide and make available to citizens and businesses the tools that facilitate the search for a job or the start of an entrepreneurial activity through a completely digital strategy. The portal brings together, in a single access point, all the existing job offers on public and private portals, through a meta-engine, with the aim of boosting supply and demand and giving greater transparency to the labor market.

Regarding the loss of employment, the communication of the "enterprise certificate" (in the liquidation note) to SEPE is done digitally via the system available for sending telematic certificates for legal entities Certific@2 (mandatory for legal entities with more than ten employees) and the RED system of the General Treasury of Social Security.

It should be noted that most legal entities operating in Spain are inter-connected to the General Treasury of the Social Security via the RED system. This allows legal entities to automatically push data to the State Public Employment Service (SEPE) and to know the worker's contributions faithfully, efficiently and in real time. Another possibility to obtain the "enterprise certificate" by the employee who has ceased the employment relationship with the employer is to request it online, on the website of the State Public Service for Employment (SEPE). To do so, the person concerned must hold an *electronic national identity* document or a *digital certificate*.

In Estonia, in order to be registered as unemployed or as a job seeker, a person will personally submit the application and the documents required to a local

office of the Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund. The application can also be submitted electronically, using a program that allows the identification of the person submitting the application: https://www.tootukassa.ee/eng/tkauth/login. The application must contain the name and surname, the personal identification code or, if unavailable, then the date of birth, residential address and other contact details of the person. Moreover, the application for registration as unemployed includes information on the circumstances that led to unemployment.

The Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund shall take a decision on the registration or non-registration of a person as unemployed or as a jobseeker on the second working day following the submission of the application. The unemployed have to: participate in and comply with the preparation of an individual action plan; they need to appear in person at the Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund for a visit at a given time at least once over a thirty-day period; they need to be ready to accept a suitable job and start work promptly or seek employment and inform the Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund about the job search process.

As a registered unemployed person, at the time of finding a job or if there is any other reason triggering the cancelation of the unemployed status, the person concerned has the obligation to notify the Unemployment Insurance Fund immediately. If, during 12 months, a person loses his/her registration as unemployed because he/she refuses to cooperate and to follow the individual action plan, if the person fails to appear three times or at least once in 30 days or refuses to comply with the individual action plan or to accept the appropriate job offer for the third time in a row, then the person concerned is no longer entitled to register as unemployed for the next 90 days since the last termination of the unemployment status.

The largest job search portal in Estonia is the www.cv.ee, portal containing information in Estonian, English and Russian. Also, another site accessed to look for a job is the European Job Mobility Portal (https://ec.europa.eu/eures/public/ jobseekers-dashboard).

In Estonia, an employee works on a part-time or full-time contract. Telework is regulated by Estonian law. Employment contracts must be registered by all employers, natural or legal persons, in the Register of Employment Contracts, at the latest when the employee starts working. The registration is made at the Fiscal and Customs Council, by directly submitting the contract with one of the local offices of the Fiscal and Customs Council - https://www.emta.ee/eng/offices, or by electronic registration at https://maasikas.emta.ee/v1/login?authst=FxTDYkcrL3.

The work place address is indicated by the Estonian Data System (more information is available on the Estonian Land Board geoportal - https://geoportaal. maaamet.ee/eng/). The address can also be entered manually, if the address cannot be found in ADS, following the path: e-Tax/e-Customs, click on the "*Enter address manually*" link opens the view where you can enter the address by parts (county, municipality, etc.) and enter the missing part of the address in the "Address specification" field.

Employers may correct in the electronic environment the data erroneously entered in the Register of Employment Contracts within three months from the date of commencement, suspension or termination of employment. After the expiry of this period, the data entered can be corrected only by going to a local office of the Fiscal and Customs Council.

In Romania, vacancies are available both on the website of the national agency for employment ANOFM, at centralized national level, and also at territorial level in each agency, for the area assigned. The unemployed is a person who meets cumulatively the following conditions:

*Comparative Study on Public Electronic Employment Services: Austria, Spain, Estonia, Romania DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97052*


The person shall register with the employment agency in the territorial area of his domicile/residence or with another employment service provider in order to get a job. Unemployment registration requires an application and supporting documents that are submitted in hard copy with the territorial institution in the applicant's area of residence. The registration of the job seeker is done by the civil servant of the territorial subdivision where he applied for registration, by filling in the person's file. The vacancies identified are offered to jobseekers according to their qualification, skills, abilities and professional experience. The record of jobseekers is kept during the year in the Register of jobseekers, in Jobless, at territorial and national level. During the period in which he is unemployed, a person must follow an individual plan of information, mediation, counseling, and training, services that can be performed by public institutions or authorized private providers. Mediation services can be attended online.

Therefore, in all the countries analyzed there is a specific legislative framework at national level. Responsibilities belong to national or territorial public institutions, except in Estonia where there are autonomous institutions. All countries have developed electronic information and online registration services for jobseekers (**Table 1**).


#### **Table 1.**

*Comparison of the institutional, legislative and procedural framework for employment services in the four countries analyzed.*
