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McCarthy OJ. Factors influencing the physico-chemical, morphological, thermal and rheological properties of some chemically modified starches for food applications—A review. Food Hydrocolloids. 2007 Jan 1;**21**(1):1-22

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Zabot GL, Cazarin CB, Maróstica MR Jr, Meireles MA. Biopolymer-prebiotic carbohydrate blends and their effects on the retention of bioactive compounds and maintenance of antioxidant activity. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2016 Jun 25;**144**:149-158

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**219**

**Chapter 12**

*Wei Xia*

**Abstract**

gous system.

**1. Introduction**

Genes Involved in Lipid

Metabolism in Coconut

Coconut palm (*Cocos nucifera* L) is an economically important monocot plant grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Coconut oil is stored in a solid endosperm and has 47.48–50.5% fatty acid component as lauric acid (C12:0). Present research showed that acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases (FatA/B) and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LAAPT) are key enzymes determining mediumchain fatty acid accumulation in coconut oil. Among five *CnFatB* genes, *CnFatB3* expressed specifically in endosperm and *in vitro* experiment showed that this gene made mainly lauric acid (C12:0) and tetradecenoic acid (C14:1). Overexpression of *CnFatB3* in *Arabidopsis* increased the amounts of C12:0 and C14:0 in transgenic plant. *CnLPAAT* gene that is expressed specifically in coconut endosperm showed a preference for using acyl-CoAs containing C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 acyl groups as acyl-donor substrates. Coconut and oil palm are closely related species with approximately 50% lauric acid (C12:0) in their endosperm. The two species have a close evolutionary relationship between predominant gene isoforms and high conservation of gene expression bias in the lipid metabolism pathways. Moreover, since no stable transformation system has been constructed in coconut palm, gene function validations have been done in vitro, or genes transformed into a heterolo-

**Keywords:** medium-chain fatty acid, lipid metabolism, coconut endosperm,

Coconut palm (*Cocos nucifera* L), belonging to the Arecaceae family, is an economically important monocot plant grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Coconut kernels have approximately 63.1% oil content in a solid endosperm (copra) [1]. A noticeable feature of coconut oil is that 47.48–50.5% of its fatty acid component is lauric acid (C12:0), which is a type of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) [2]. A closely related species of coconut, the African oil palm, also contains 50% lauric acid in its kernel oil [3]. The lauric acid content of coconut oil makes it useful for a range of edible and nonedible purposes. A number of genes differentially expressed in coconut endosperm have been identified by suppression subtractive hybridization [4]. *Arabidopsis* has more than 600 genes involved acyl-lipid metabolism, and Xiao et al. [5] identified 806 orthologous genes of these *Arabidopsis* genes in coconut palm based on the first version of coconut genome sequences [1, 2]. A better understanding of lipid biosynthesis and tissue-specific transcription could help breeding efforts to improve the content and composition of coconut oil used

gene evolution, de novo fatty acid synthesis, TAG biosynthesis

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