**5. Conclusion**

Reports of *P. vivax* resistance to primaquine and chloroquine have been well documented. Nevertheless, attempts to validate the resistance status of primaquine rendered an equivocal results. With the current limitation in testing platform both *in vivo* and *in vitro*, the use of primaquine as anti-relaps compound is still recommended. Therefore, factors that may limit its use in *P. vivax* endemic setting such as G5PD deficiency should be excluded by deploying a cheap, easy to use Point-of-Care (PoC) G6PD test.

*Plasmodium vivax* resistance to chloroquine present different burden to each geographic areas. Therefore, the use of alternative drug ACTs should be tailored following the degree of resistance to chloroquine, as well as therapeutic response to any available ACTs.

*Plasmodium vivax* resistance to artemisinin has never been found in any of the *P. vivax* isolates examined from different geographic regions but resistance to partner drug such as amodiaquine, piperaquine, lumefantrine, mefloquine and pyronaridine should be regularly monitored to safeguard our arsenal for achieving malaria elimination by 2030.
