**3. Vaccines against malaria**

Since there is currently no effective way to eradicate malaria, developing safe, effective, and cost-effective vaccines against the disease remains a top priority. The malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01E (RTS,S; (brand name MosquirixTM) is the first and only vaccine to demonstrate that it can substantially reduce malaria in young African children, including life-threatening extreme malaria. RTS,S/AS01E is a candidate for a pre-erythrocytic *P. falciparum* vaccine. Over a four-year period, the vaccine prevented approximately 4 in 10 cases of malaria among children who received four doses in large-scale clinical trials [3]. A vaccine targeting the whole body, a live attenuated vaccine, a genetically modified vaccine, and a subunit vaccine are among the four alternatives to a malaria vaccine that have been studied. Preclinical and clinical studies have recently revealed that Pf sporozoite (SPZ) vaccines show great promise for human safety, but larger sample sizes are required to confirm their protective effects [3, 4].
