**2. Actinomyces bacteriophages**

Actinomyces species are found in healthy mouth but are also implicated in oral abcesses and oral-facial actinomycosis. Actinomyces, together with streptococci, initiates the biofilm development and formation of dental plaque [8]. Bacteriophages are used to block this co-aggregation to reduce the biofilm development without reducing health-related Actinomyces, which is part of the oral microbiome. The most commonly studied Actinomyces phage was AV-1, but it had a very narrow host range [9]. However, when the phage AV-1 was combined with AV-11, they lysed most of the indicator strains used for Actinomyces studies [10]. Actinomyces phages probably use surface structures of streptococci as receptors. These phages are from the families' Siphoviridae (61%) and Podaviridae (11%) [11, 12].
