**Emissions Related to Waste Disposal**

206 Municipal and Industrial Waste Disposal

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1398.

**10** 

*CSIRO Australia* 

**Industrial Emission** 

Manh Hoang and Anita J. Hill

**Treatment Technologies** 

Industrial emissions are becoming one of the most significant environmental issues facing industries. Gaseous emissions from industrial operations can adversely affect the atmosphere (e.g. carbon dioxide CO2, nitrous oxide N2O, volatile organic compounds VOCs, steam) and health of people living in surrounding neighbourhoods (e.g. odour, particulates, heavy metals). The burning of fossil fuels and biomass is the most significant source of air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide SO2, carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen oxides NO and N2O (known collectively as NOx), VOCs and some heavy metals. The main source of SO2 emission is from the combustion of sulphur-containing fuels. Sulphurs are present in coal in the form of pyrites, sulphates or organic sulphurs. In some deposits, the sulphur content can be as high as 4%. Upon combustion, most of the sulphur is converted to SO2, with a small amount being further oxidized to sulphur trioxide SO3. In the absence of a catalyst, the formation of

The burning of fossil fuels is also the major anthropogenic source of CO2, one of the important greenhouse gases. Coal is the world's most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel source. Although many alternatives to combustion of coal are being considered, coal will remain as a principal component of the global energy mix for decades. The International Energy Agency expects a 43% increase in its use from 2000 to 2020 (World

Nitrous oxide N2O with a Global Warming Potential impact factor of 310 CO2 equivalent is formed as a by-product from the production of adipic and nitric acid, and nitric acid production is currently believed to be the largest industrial source of N2O emissions

Particulate emission is becoming one of the main causes of respiratory disease worldwide. Sources of particulates can be natural or man-made. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, bush fires, dust storms or by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles, construction and various industrial processes. Increased levels of fine particles in the air affect lung function and in some cases

SO3 is slow; over 98% of the combusted sulphur is in the form of SO2.

contributing to the ozone layer depletion (US EPA, 2010).

**1. Introduction** 

Nuclear Association, 2011).

can cause heart disease.
