Agricultural and Biotechnological Applications

**3**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

CRISPR/Cas9.

**1. Introduction**

processes [2].

evolutionary engineering.

use of recombinant DNA technology" [1].

Metabolic Engineering of

Industrial Biotechnology

*Seyma Hande Tekarslan-Sahin*

*Saccharomyces cerevisiae* for

*Saccharomyces cerevisiae* is an important and popular host for production of value-added molecules such as pharmaceutical ingredients, therapeutic proteins, chemicals, biofuels and enzymes. *S. cerevisiae,* the baker's yeast, is the most used yeast model as there is an abundance of knowledge on its genetics, physiology and biochemistry, and also it has numerous applications in genetic engineering and fermentation technologies. There has been an increasing interest in developing and improving yeast strains for industrial biotechnology. Metabolic engineering is a tool to develop industrial strains by manipulating yeast metabolism to enhance the production of value-added molecules. This chapter reviews the metabolic engineering strategies for developing industrial yeast strains for biotechnological applications and highlights recent advances in this field such as the use of

**Keywords:** metabolic engineering, evolutionary engineering, *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*, biopharmaceuticals, industrial biotechnology, CRISPR-Cas9

The term "metabolic engineering" was introduced by [1] into the science. Metabolic engineering is defined as "the improvement of cellular activities by manipulation of enzymatic, transport and regulatory function of the cell with the

Metabolic engineering aims to manipulate genetic information of the strain and "improve the cellular activities" of the strain [1]. Stress tolerance of yeast is important and needs to be improved in industrial processes. Heterologous pathways and metabolic engineering cause stress on the yeast strain. The compound of interest can be toxic to the host strain and heterologous pathways are more sensitive than endogenous pathways. During the industrial processes, high salt, high temperature, high ethanol, acids and inhibitors can cause stress and affect industrial

Metabolic engineering makes stress tolerance possible by improvement and modification of cellular functions of yeast [3]. Metabolic engineering can be subdivided as rational metabolic engineering, inverse metabolic engineering and
