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[1] Klaus Hunger (Editor) Industrial

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**References**

Berlin, 1983

7b00425

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

Probing Solvation Effects in

Use of Solvatochromic Dyes

*Ioanna Deligkiozi and Raffaello Papadakis*

*beta-*) on these dual solvatochromic sensors is analyzed.

solute-solvent effects, azo dyes

**1. Introduction**

**9**

Binary Solvent Mixtures with the

In this work three molecules exhibiting dual sensing solvatochromic behaviors are examined in the context of solvation in binary solvent mixtures (BSMs). The compounds studied involve two functional groups with high responsiveness to solvent polarity namely pentacyanoferrate(II) (PC) and azo groups. Two of these compounds are [2]rotaxanes involving *alpha-* or *beta-* cyclodextrin (CyD) and the third is their CyD-free precursor. The dual solvatochromic behavior of these compounds is investigated in water/ethlylene glycol (EG) mixtures and their dual solvatochromic responses are assessed in terms of the intensity of solvatochromism and the extent of preferential solvation. To achieve this the linear solvation model by Kamlet, Abboud and Taft [*J. Organomet. Chem.* 1983, *48*, 2877–2887] and the two-phase model of solvation by Bagchi and coworkers [*J. Phys. Chem.* 1991, *95*, 3311–3314] are employed. The influence of the presence or lack of CyD (*alpha-* or

**Keywords:** solvatochromic dyes, rotaxanes, preferential solvation, (non) specific

Nowadays, solvatochromic probes (SPs) are regularly utilized in various types of applications which require sensing of environmental/medium effects in either a qualitative or a quantitative manner [1–9]. Today there is a large variety of published solvatochromic dyes corresponding to different media, e.g. organic solvents [8, 10], ionic liquids [10, 11], solvent mixtures [10, 12–15] or solvent comprising polarity modifiers [16]. What often appears to be challenging is the choice of a suitable solvatochromic probe for the description of a physicochemical problem encompassing solvent polarity effects. It has been observed that for the same solvent/cosolvent mixture, different solvatochromic dyes may provide different quantitative results [17, 18]. Indeed in many cases, different spectroscopic techniques applied on the same ternary system solvent/cosolvent/probe(solute) may provide different results. Therefore, probing solvent polarity effects and preferential solvation (PS) phenomena occurring in solvent mixtures of two or more

## **Chapter 2**
