**Author details**

Ahmed Zaghloul1 , Ridouan Benhiti1 , Rachid Aziam1 , Abdeljalil Ait Ichou1 , Mhamed Abali1 , Amina Soudani2 , Fouad Sinan1 , Mohamed Zerbet1 and Mohamed Chiban1 \*

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

2 Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Campus, Ait Melloul, Morocco

\*Address all correspondence to: mmchiban@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**163**

*A Brief Comparative Study on Removal of Toxic Dyes by Different Types of Clay*

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[2] Robinson T., McMullan G., Marchant R., Nigam P., Bioresour. Technol. 77 (2001) p.247-255

[3] Yagub M.T., Sen T.K., Afroze S., Ang H.M., Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 209

Zo W, Wang Y, Li Y, Bioresour Technol.

[5] Chiban M., Soudani A., Zerbet M., Sinan F., Wastewater treatment processes. Chap. 10, Handbook of Wastewater treatment: Biological Methods,

Technology and Environmental Impact, Editors: Cesaro J. Valdez and Enrique M. Maradona, Nova science publishers, Inc. New York, 2013, pp. 249-262, ISBN:

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p. 476-486

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99(2008) p.2938-46

978-1-62257-591-6.

34 (2006) p. 364-376.

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Sci.389 (2016) p. 1003-1011.

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*A Brief Comparative Study on Removal of Toxic Dyes by Different Types of Clay DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95755*

### **References**

*Dyes and Pigments - Novel Applications and Waste Treatment*

**162**

**Author details**

Ahmed Zaghloul1

and Mohamed Chiban1

Mhamed Abali1

Morocco

**Table 3.**

, Ridouan Benhiti1

\*Address all correspondence to: mmchiban@gmail.com

, Amina Soudani2

\*

provided the original work is properly cited.

the removal of these organic pollutants.

, Rachid Aziam1

, Fouad Sinan1

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

synthetic or modified, was compared with regard to removing dyes based on some experimental parameters including pH, temperature and initial dye concentration. It was found that synthetic and modified clays provide a greater efficiency relating

*Adsorption capacities of some clay adsorbents for the removal of toxic dyes from water and wastewater.*

**Adsorbent Adsorbate % removal Reference** NiFe-CO3 Methyl orange 88 [59] Mg/Fe-CO3 Methyl orange 33 [88] Montmorillonite Methyl orange 90 [89] Bentonite modified Methyl orange 98 [90] Ni/Al-CO3 Congo Red 92 [91] Mg/Al-CO3 Congo Red 90 [92] Natural kaolinitic clay Congo Red 84 [93] Ca-bentonite Congo Red 95 [94] Ghassoul Methylene Blue 90 [95] Algerian bentonite Methylene Blue 91 [96] Alginate/PVA–kaolin Methylene Blue 99 [97] Zeolite Methylene Blue 88 [98] Mg/Fe-CO3 Malachite Green 86 [90] Raw Moroccan clay Malachite Green — [89] Bentonite Malachite Green 90 [98] Moroccan clay Basic Red 46 95 [98] Raw clay (smectite) Reactive Red 120 88 [99] Raw clay (kaolinite) Reactive Red 120 94 [99]

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir,

2 Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Campus, Ait Melloul, Morocco

, Abdeljalil Ait Ichou1

, Mohamed Zerbet1

,

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[8] Rozada F., Calv L.F., García A.I., Martín-Villacorta J., Otero M., Bioresour. Technol. 87 (2003) p. 221-230.

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[10] Janos P., Buchtova H., Rznarova M., Water Res. 37 (2003) p. 4938-4944.

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[23] Ming Ni Z., Jie Xia S., Geng Wang L., Fang Xing F., Xiang Pan G., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 316 (2007) p.284-291.

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**167**

**Chapter 10**

**Abstract**

Preparation of Functionalized

as Efficient Adsorbents of

*Hassen Agougui, Youssef Guesmi and Mahjoub Jabli*

In this study, we reported the synthesis of hydroxyapatite modified with biopolymers as λ-carrageenan and sodium alginate, which could be used as effective adsorbents of cationic dyes. Evidence of chemical modification was proved through chemical analysis, Fourier Trans-form Infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and specific surface area. The adsorption process was studied using methylene blue as representative cationic dye. The adsorbed quantity reached, at equilibrium, 142.85 mg/g and 98.23 mg/g using hydroxyapatite-sodium alginate and hydroxyapatite-(λ-carrageenan), respectively. However, it does not exceed 58.8 mg/g in the case of the unmodified hydroxyapatite. The adsorption of methylene blue using hybrid materials complied well with the pseudo-second-order suggesting a chemi-sorption. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm described well the adsorption mechanism of the hydroxyapatite-(λcarrageenan) and hydroxyapatite-sodium alginate, respectively. The high capacities of MB removal obtained in this study suggest the potential use of these materials in

Contaminated waters can be successfully treated using inexpensive adsorbents. In this sense, many biopolymers were proposed including cellulose [1–3], chitosan [4, 5], chitin [6, 7], etc. Hybrid materials have attracted a particular attention. The interaction between calcium hydroxyapatite and biopolymers has been the subject of many studies such as carboxymethyl cellulose [8], polygalacturonic acid [9], collagen [10], Agar-Agar [11], polycaprolactone [12], banana peel [13], chitosan [14], and gelatin [15]. Currently, the application of hydroxyapatite modified by biopolymers for immobilization of various pollutants has been considered as a promising pollution control technology [16–20]. For example, Huijuan and colleagues [21] have, recently, reported interesting results about the preparation of hydroxyapatite-Chitosan composite and its efficiency for the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution. The results indicate that the kinetic and isotherm studies showed that pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model could well describe the

Methylene Blue

the treatment from wastewaters.

**1. Introduction**

**Keywords:** hydroxyapatite, biopolymer alginate, dye, kinetic

Hydroxyapatite with Biopolymers
