**5. Future outlook**

*Dyes and Pigments - Novel Applications and Waste Treatment*

**3.3 Dye modified electrodes for the determination of metal**

The chemically modified electrodes have received an increasing attention in recent years in the fields of electroanalysis due to well recognized advantages in comparison with conventional electrodes [23]. The methods for modified electrode preparation are varied. The construction of dyes modified electrodes can be done by electrodeposition [64], by sol–gel method, by incorporation of dye into the carbon paste [65], by composite dye film or by the polymerization of dye on electrode surface. Thus, electrodes modified by chitosan -dye-enzyme composite film or copper complex dye (C.I. Direct Blue 200) film have been reported [64]. Studies have also been carried out on the polymerisation of dyes as modified agent. The poly-congo red (PCR) has been used to modified electrodes by electro-deposition [66, 67] or by polycondensation [5]. However, in voltammetric measurement, the polymerizations of congo red reported are generally carried out with the incorporation of poly congo into other components. These components can be polymers such as aniline [58] or nanoparticles [66]. We will notably encounter the synthesis of poly pyrole on glassy carbon in the presence of Congo red in view of the detection of dopamine [67], but also the use of poly Congo red in composition with nanoparticles such as CdS for the quantification of α-1-fetoprotein [66], several studies also relate to the use of Congo red in the presence of nanotube [59]. However, the use of dye as modifying reagent in electrochemical analysis is limited. Very little works about this topic have been reported in literature.

Dyes are widely used for industrial, printing, food, cosmetic and clinical purposes as well as in analytical chemistry. They play an important role in spectrophometry and electrochemistry analysis as complexing reagent for the detection of

It is well known that thousands tons of synthesis dyes are annually produced worldwide. Despite considerable work in recent years on the synthesis of new dyes which can be used reagent for the determination of trace amounts metals, the use of dye as modifying agents is still limited in electroanalysis. Further investigations are

metal ions but they potential is still underestimated in electroanalysis.

structure, pH, temperature, solvents and ionic strengths [61]. This reaction is due to the interactions by Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions [62]. In electrochemistry, the metals complexation with dyes has been investigated for the selective determination of metals trace by voltammetric techniques. For this, the oxidation/reduction current of dye is measured in the presence and the absence of metal ions. The decrease of the redox peaks caused by the formation of electro inactive complexes is function of the metals concentration and allows their determination. Thus, an electrochemical method for Cu(II) determination based on its reaction with indigo carmine (IC) in alkaline medium and differential pulse voltammetry performed at graphite electrode, was elaborated [51]. When Cu(II) ions are added to an alkaline solution of IC, the Cu2IC complex is formed [51]. This complex electro-inactive at the working potential trains the decrease of the oxidation peak current, which is depending on Cu(II) concentration. The detection limit was 4.74 μM [51]. The complexation studies between the indigo carmine food dye and mercury were carried out [63] and used for the determination of Hg (II) by electrochemical method. These studies show the suitability of voltammetric detection of metals trace using a decrease of oxidation/reduction current of dyes due to the formation of electro inactive metal -dye-complexes. However, there is very little work in literature concerning this approach. In general, these are electrodes modified by dyes which are used for the detection of metals in electrochemistry.

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**4. Conclusion**

The ill effects of metals on health and the environment are well documented, yet there is a lack of reliable, robust, cheap, and accurate sensors for monitoring toxics metals level in environment. Although much progress has been achieved in the last few decades in the field of chemically modified electrodes, techniques developed so far in electroanalysis have used very little the properties of dyes. This signifying that more research and development of new electrodes or new metal complexes for spectrophotometric analysis are required. The inconvenients of current sensors concern largely on their reproductibilty, sensitivity and their selectivity toward target metal. The cost associated with portable nature and speciation analysis are also a limiting factor.

Thus there is an urgent need to synthesis new dyes in function of target metal for the application to the electroanalysis of metal cation and in spectrophotometric analysis. Several investigations can therefore be carried out: synthesis of new dye as ligand for metal complexation; study of physicochemical characteristics of new synthesis ligands; study of their electrochemical behavior and complexation; characterization of metal dyes complexes for the electro and spectro analysis; polymerization of dye; thermodynamic study of the complexation of metal cations in poly-dye/poly film dye; study of chemically modified electrodes (ECM) by dye and their application to the detection of metal ions, etc.
