Preface

**Section 3**

Types of Clay

*and Mohamed Chiban*

*by Parameswari Kalivel*

**II**

Efficient Adsorbents of Methylene Blue

*by Hassen Agougui, Youssef Guesmi and Mahjoub Jabli*

by Spray Pyrolysis in Electrocoagulation Process

Dye Waste Treatment **151**

**Chapter 9 153**

**Chapter 10 167**

**Chapter 11 187**

A Brief Comparative Study on Removal of Toxic Dyes by Different

Preparation of Functionalized Hydroxyapatite with Biopolymers as

Treatment of Textile Dyeing Waste Water Using TiO2/Zn Electrode

*Mhamed Abali, Amina Soudani, Fouad Sinan, Mohamed Zerbet* 

*by Ahmed Zaghloul, Ridouan Benhiti, Rachid Aziam, Abdeljalil Ait Ichou,* 

Dyes and pigments play an important role in our everyday lives. Synthetic dyes and pigments are found in numerous objects we utilize every day, from dyes coloring our clothes and pigments in our paintings to advanced dyes used in recordable DVDs and innovative fluorescent dyes employed in live-cell imaging. The versatility of the known dyes and pigments is enormous and their uses and applications are countless. The global demand for new dyes and pigments with novel properties and applications is constantly growing, and thus research attempts to develop these new dyes and pigments are currently intensifying. Of course, a great deal of the currently conducted research aims at a better understanding of the properties and application scope of existing dyes and pigments. However, bulk volumes of dyes and pigments and related byproducts associated with their production and end uses are contaminating the environment and polluting valuable water resources.

Acknowledging these facts, this book covers two main areas of research, and the book is organized into three sections. The first section is the Introduction. In the second section, the book explores new trends in the research of dyes and pigments, focusing on smart and functional dyes and pigments and their uses in textile dying, analytical chemistry, bioimaging and biosensing, and novel chromic and energy-related applications.

The third section examines new trends in the treatment of dye and pigment waste. Techniques employing newly developed materials or modified clays as well as electrochemical methods are described.

As academic editor of this book, I am grateful to all authors who have contributed chapters covering all pertinent research areas that address important scientific, industrial, and technological problems. It has been my pleasure and privilege to read, interact with, and learn from the work of all the authors. A big thanks goes to all of you for the fantastic job you have done.

I am grateful to my old friend and colleague Dr. Dimitris Matiadis (researcher at NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece) for the stimulating discussions related to novel synthetic dyes (especially fluorescent ones) and my lovely wife (Dr. Kalliopi Tzavlaki) who always makes sure to keep me updated regarding new trends in bioimaging and bioscience.

Last (but not least), I would like to acknowledge TdB Labs, the company I am happy to have worked at as a Senior Research Scientist since 2019, for providing me with space, time, and motivation to learn more about the intriguing and wide research area of fluorescent labeling and chemistry of synthetic dyes.

> **Dr. Raffaello Papadakis** TdB Labs, Uppsala, Sweden

**1**

Section 1

Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

Future

**1. Introduction**

*Raffaello Papadakis*

**2. Historical background**

invented during 19th century. [4]

Introductory Chapter: Dyes and

Dyes and pigments have been playing an undoubtedly important role in human life since the ancient years. Today their mass production is well established, and a vast number of dyes and pigments are globally produced. Currently, the industrial interest for new dyes and pigments with special properties is constantly growing. This has triggered significant research attempts all over the world and new multifunctional dyes and pigments suitable for novel, hi-tech applications have been proposed/created. The steady growth of the global dyes and pigments market signi-

fies a vibrant future for research in the corresponding, wide research field.

as protective layers against wear and corrosion of various objects. [2]

**3. Contemporary trends and the future of dyes and pigments**

Today, the classes of dyes and pigments have been enriched with numerous entries. The scope of this field extends to and aims at novel high-tech applications such as laser dyes, [5] dyes and pigments for bio-labelling, [6] intravital microscopy applications, [7] and smart sensing devices responding to various external stimuli [8].

Dyes and pigments are narrowly connected to human culture and different types of them have been used from people since the ancient years in order decorate various types of materials including textiles, ceramics, wood etc. [1] It is well documented that more than 2000 years ago, in ancient China, Egypt, Rome and Greece natural dyes and pigments obtained from plant roots, animals or mineral sources were used. [1, 2] They were mostly used for decorative applications but also

The big revolution in the field occurred in the beginning of 19th century when Sir William Henry Perkin produced the first synthetic organic dye, the so-called *mauveine*, using aniline as a starting compound. [1, 3] *Mauveine* proved to be a suitable dyestuff for various types of textiles predominantly silk, and mass production of the *aniline purple* (the original industrial name of *Mauveine*) commenced. Industrial revolution made the production of many more synthetic dyes feasible, and the expansion of synthetic dyes industry became enormous in later years. In fact, the majority of the currently known classes of dyes and pigments were

Pigments - Past, Present, and
