**4. Complications**

Rate of complications is much lesser in AVF as compared to AVG or CVC. However they do occur in 1/3rd cases [2] and are addressed here. Most commonly seen complications of AVF are thrombosis, aneurysm, infection, stenosis, steal syndrome and heart failure. Complications are divided in early and late. However, fistula failure also occurs and that may be classified as primary (fistula that fails to mature even before cannulation) and secondary (delayed failure or after any intervention).
