**Abbreviations**


**19**

**Author details**

and Nitika Gupta

*Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets and Pharmacological Interventions: An Update*

Mohit Kwatra\*, Sahabuddin Ahmed, Samir Ranjan Panda, Vegi Ganga Modi Naidu

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: mohitpharmacology@gmail.com

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95996*

TGF- transforming growth factor- TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α

TrkB tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor

TWEAK TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis UPS ubiquitin–proteasome system VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor

*Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets and Pharmacological Interventions: An Update DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95996*


*Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy*

such therapies are likely to be considerable.

ALS autophagy lysosomal system AMPK AMP activated protein kinase BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor CMA chaperone mediated autophagy

DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy DRP1 dynamin related protein 1

FoxO forkhead box transcription factors

cPKC protein kinase C

NGF nerve growth factor OPA1 optic atrophy 1

ROS reactive oxygen species

SBMA spinal bulbar muscular atrophy SMA spinal Muscular Atrophy

SIRT1 silent information regulator/Sirtuin 1

IKKβ IκB kinase MFN mitofusin

mentioned in **Tables 3** and **4**.

**4. Conclusion**

**Acknowledgements**

this work.

**Abbreviations**

some preclinical and clinical trials evaluating treatments for muscle wasting [77, 78]

The Stem-cell-related therapies provide prominent therapeutic benefits in the reversal of condition in muscle atrophy thereby promoting muscle regeneration. Stem cell therapy (e.g., umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation) showed helpful results for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In the setting of a first-in-class approved therapy, progress in developing second generation and combination therapies will be requisite for novel approaches in trial design [92, 93]. Also, current new challenges are for developing therapies, together with difficulties access to treatment allied with complications, costs, and expertise which is required for intrathecal administration. Further efforts to ascertain optimal routes of drug delivery, body distribution, and limit safety therapeutic window must be essential.

Further, future directions are needed for developing novel safe, efficacious therapies with innovative therapeutic approaches for establishing a quality life in patients. The foremost challenge with developing therapies that grow muscle is preventing misuse for enhancing athletic performance, particularly anabolic steroids and growth hormones. Novel methods along with specific guidelines must be developed to monitor the numerous agents with potential remedial benefits of

We gratefully acknowledge Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Government of India for providing technical support to

MAM membrane associated-sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

PGC-1α proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha

**18**
