**Author details**

Muneshige Shimizu1 \* and Kunihiro Sakuma2

1 Department of Fisheries, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka, Japan

2 Institute for Liberal Arts, Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W9-2, 2-12-1 Oookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: shimizu.muneshige@tsc.u-tokai.ac.jp

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**119**

e113637

*Nutritional Approaches for Attenuating Muscle Atrophy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94009*

influences diet in early old age?

[9] Elia M, Russell CA, Stratton RJ: Malnutrition in the UK: Policies to address the problem. Proc Nutr Soc.

[10] Margetts BM, Thompson RL, Elia M, Jackson AA: Prevalence of risk of undernutrition is associated with poor health status in older people in the UK. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003, 57, 69-74

[11] Robinson S, Cooper C, Aihie SA: Nutrition and sarcopenia: A review of the evidence and implications for preventive strategies. J Aging Res. 2012,

[12] Waijers PM, Feskens EJ, Ocké MC: A critical review of predefined diet quality scores. Br J Nutr. 2007, 97, 219-231

[13] Hu FB: Dietary pattern analysis: A new direction in nutritional

epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002,

[14] Schwingshackl L, Bogensberger B, Hoffmann G: Diet quality as assessed by the healthy eating index, alternate healthy eating index, dietary approaches to stop hypertension score, and health outcomes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018, 118,

[15] Schwedhelm C, Boeing H, Hoffmann G, Aleksandrova K, Schwingshackl L: Effect of diet on mortality and cancer recurrence among cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Nutr Rev. 2016, 74, 737-748

[16] McNaughton SA, Bates CJ, Mishra GD: Diet quality is associated

Health. 2006, 16, 316-324

2010, 69, 470-476

2012, 510801

13, 3-9

74-100

Prospective and cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort. Eur J Public

**References**

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cardiovascular health study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2016, 26, 1039-1047

[2] Volakilis KA, Halle M, Meisinger C: Muscular strength as a strong predictor of mortality: a narrative review. Eur J

regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation.

[4] Shaw SC, Dennison EM, Cooper C: Epidemiology of Sarcopenia: Determinants Throughout the

Lifecourse. Calcif Tissue Int. 2017, 101,

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Jagger C, Kirkwood TB, Lawlor DA, Robinson SM, Starr JM, Steptoe A, Tilling K, Kuh D, Cooper C, Sayer AA: Grip Strength across the Life Course: Normative data from Twelve British Studies. PLoS ONE. 2014, Dec4, 9(12)

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*Nutritional Approaches for Attenuating Muscle Atrophy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94009*

## **References**

*Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy*

plementation on muscle mass and strength.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

a.Dietary patterns of adequate quality for older adults (i.e., ensuring a sufficient intake of beneficial foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, fish, nuts, and low-fat foods) are useful for preventing sarcopenia. While the Mediterranean diet has been touted as a healthy diet, other diets (healthy Nordic or traditional Asian diets) also help prevent sarcopenia in older adults.

b.Vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein supplement may be useful for attenuating sarcopenia in geriatric patients, particularly in those unable to

c.Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of protein and amino acid sup-

Based on the strong evidence linking nutrition to muscle mass and function, nutrition plays a crucial role in both the prevention and management of sarcopenia. Further high quality studies, particularly those using large sample sizes, controlled diet quality, and iso-caloric placebo supplementation, are needed to provide a clear understanding of the dose and duration effects of nutrients on muscle atrophy.

**118**

**Author details**

exercise.

**Conflict of interest**

Muneshige Shimizu1

\* and Kunihiro Sakuma2

University, 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka, Japan

provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Department of Fisheries, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Institute for Liberal Arts, Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W9-2, 2-12-1 Oookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: shimizu.muneshige@tsc.u-tokai.ac.jp

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influences diet in early old age? Prospective and cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort. Eur J Public Health. 2006, 16, 316-324

[9] Elia M, Russell CA, Stratton RJ: Malnutrition in the UK: Policies to address the problem. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010, 69, 470-476

[10] Margetts BM, Thompson RL, Elia M, Jackson AA: Prevalence of risk of undernutrition is associated with poor health status in older people in the UK. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003, 57, 69-74

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[13] Hu FB: Dietary pattern analysis: A new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002, 13, 3-9

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Gerontol. 2014, 49, 40-46

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Heshmat R, Esmaillzadeh A, Payab M, Yousefinia M, Siassi F, Pasalar P, Baygi F: Diet and its relationship to sarcopenia in community dwelling Iranian elderly: A cross sectional study. Nutrition 2015,

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[44] Perala MM, Von-Bonsdorff M, Mannisto S, Salonen MK, Simonen M, Kanerva N, Pohjolainen P, Kajantie E, Rantanen T, Eriksson JG: A healthy Nordic diet and physical performance in old age: Findings from the longitudinal Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Br J Nutr.

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*Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy*

epigenetics: What twin studies tell us now, and in the future. Age Ageing

[24] Daskalopoulou C, Stubbs B, Kralj C, Koukounari A, Prince M, Prina AM: Physical activity and healthy ageing: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res

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Hamilton DL, Phillips SM: Growing older with health and vitality: A nexus of physical activity, exercise and nutrition.

Biogerontology 2016, 17, 529-546

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2012, 41, 581-586

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161, 106-118

929-936

248-253

Soc. 2014, 73, 249-259

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with all-cause mortality in adults aged 65 years and older. J Nutr. 2012, 142,

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Bruyère O, Cesari M, Dawson-Hughes B, Fielding RA, Kaufman JM, Landi F, Malafarina V, Rolland Y, van Loon LJ, Vellas B, Visser M, Cooper C, ESCEO working group: Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia? Clin Nutr. 2018, 37,

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AA: Relationship between the Mediterranean dietary pattern and musculoskeletal health in children, adolescents, and adults: Systematic review and evidence map. Nutr. Rev.

[21] Silva R, Pizato N, DaMata F, Figueiredo A, Ito M, Pereira MG: Mediterranean diet and musculoskeletal-functional outcomes in community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging, 2018, 22, 655-663

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320-325

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**125**

activity.

of life.

**1. Introduction**

practice, physiotherapy and aging

**Chapter 7**

**Abstract**

Effects of Physiotherapy

*Boglárka Debity and Julianna Cseri*

Interventions on the Function of

Age: View of Theory and Practice

The aim of this chapter is to give an overview about the aging processes in the neural and muscuo-skeletal system at cellular and tissue level to highlight the demand for physiotherapy interventions. Searching the relevant literature published in the last decade, it was found that the loss of muscle mass (myofiber atrophy and decrease in the number of myofibers) is associated with decreased regeneration capacity of the skeletal muscle, deterioration of the neural control and bone remodeling as well as the impaired microcirculation leading to insufficient adaptation to the physical exercises. In the management of the aging-related deterioration of the skeletal muscle (sarcopenia), the first tool is the resistance training that improves the muscle mass and power as well as the functional outcomes regarding the mobility and physical performance. The endurance (aerobic) training improves the cardiovascular and respiratory status providing better blood supply to the skeletal muscle and exerts some effects directly to the skeletal muscle and bone (increases the mitochondrial functions, improves the bone remodeling). The combination of aerobic and resistance training seems to be more effective against the sarcopenia and osteopenia. The balance training gives additional benefits, so (together with increased muscle power and performance) improves the quality

**Keywords:** skeletal muscle, skeleto-neuro-muscular system, aging, physiotherapy

The homeostasis of the neuromuscular system requires preserved muscle structure and functionality with normal regeneration capacity as well as the intact motor control including peripheral innervation and upper control mechanisms. For the normal locomotion the healthy bone structure and function provide stable basis for muscle function and the proper blood supply is inevitable. All components may be influenced by aging and diseases to some extent causing dysfunction of motor

The skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated huge cells containing contractile proteins (actin and myosin) organized into sarcomeres. In the fetal life the

the Locomotor System in Elder
