**8. Ethanomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological of** *Abelmoschus manihot*

Ethanomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological profile of genus *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik where the genus *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik has been reported to used for several ethnomedicinal practices and also demonstrated diverse pharmacological activities and posses several phytochemical and nutritional properties as well as having and no adverse effect on living cells, their pods, seeds and leaves are reported to be used in pharmaceutical industries and traditional remedies all over the world [26]. The protective effect on the total flavonoid of *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik on transient cereberal ischemiapreperfusion injury is due to activation of the Nrf2-are pathway, where the highest total flavonoids 788,56 mg/g) of all the different part, the protective effects of an extract of the total flavonoids of *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik on transient cereberal ischemia–reperfusion injury (TCI-RI) were investigated, these data suggest that to protects against TCI-RI by scavengin free radical and activating NRF2-ARF pathway (Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 contributes to neuroptotective immune system, antioxidation, antifatigue and anti-inflamatory properties [27]. The bioactive compounds from *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik alleviate the progression of multiple myeloma in mouse model and improve bone marrow environment, where the *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik derived as a Huangkui capsules (HKC) represent a traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely applied to the clinical therapy of kidney and inflamatory disease by methods expressions of certain proteins were detected via western blotting, transcriptomic RNAsequencing as well as RT-qPCR, where the result revealed that MM-Prone animals appeared to be protected following HKC treatment as evidence by a prolonged survival rate, which four of the nine flavonoid compounds (Hyperin/hyperoxide, HK-2; cannabiscitrin, HK-3, 3-O-kaempferol-3-O-acetyl-6-O-(p-coumaroyl) β-D-glucopyranosid, HK-11, 8-(2-pyrolidione-5-yl)-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid, HK-E3) suppressed osteoclastogenesis in murine raw 264.7 cells.HK-11 directly inhibited MM cells (ARP1 and h929) proliferation and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, which may have involved suppressing β-catenin protein, increasing expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as activating mature TGF-β1 and some other metabolic pathways [28]. *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik have supplementation as a Nephropathy system by methods a combined treatment of a high – fat diet and streptozotocin after unilateral nephrectomy and supplementation of *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik were tested, the results is preventive effects of the extracts on Nephropathy pathology system and changes on autophagy mitocondrial proteins were investigated to showed significant increase in fasting blood glucose, plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urinary albumin levels [29]. *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik as a Huangkui in Chinese, where as a traditional Chinese medicine, the Huangkui has been used for medication of the patients as a reduce inflammation anti-oxidative stress, improving immune response system, protecting renal tubular epithelial cells, ameliorating podocyte apoptosis, glomerulosclerosis and mesangial proliferation, as well as inhibiting on cellular and molecular mechanism [30]. So, with the natural antioxidant as a reduces the free radical of spinal muscular atrophy and stimulates the growth of normal cells. In Palu city of central Sulawesi Indonesia, where the plant is known as one of the raw based material of vegetables and is usually mixed with pulp.

#### **9. Total antioxidant of** *Abelmoschus manihot* **(L.) Medik**

This plant is believed to have medicinal based properties, because are many compound vitamins, like as: A, B1, B2, B3, C and E, compound the calcium, potassium, copper, zinc and many collagen. This plant also contains secondary metabolites like as: Flavonoids, Saponin and phonolite, where it has used as an antioxidant. The evaluate total antioxidant arrest activity using the DPPH (IC50) of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extracts from Palu of Central Sulawesi, the method is displayed in **Table 2** and **Figure 1**, evaluate the potential activity of the test substances for the cytotoxicity against selected 4 T1 cell lines and Vero cell of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extracts from Palu of Central Sulawesi. The

**149**

*Total Antioxidant from Herbal Medicine as a Possible Tool for the Multifunctional Prevention…*

Leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extract 3,45

*The antioxidant activity DPPH (IC50) of leaf* Abelmoschus manihot *(L.) Medik [32].*

**Antioxidant Activity DPPH IC50 (mg/mL)**

cytotoxicity potential of various concentration of ethanol, ethyl acetate, N-Heksan extracts with CTC50 values of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik is displayed in **Tables 3** and **4** and **Figures 2** and **3**. Leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi extract plant shows the total antioxidant is 3,45 μg/ml from reports arrest of DPPH (IC50) is displayed in **Table 2** and **Figure 1**. According to the criteria to the level of antioxidant power with DPPH (IC50) method, where the extract of natural ingredients with IC50 < 50 μg/ml is potential. The in-vitro cytotoxicity effects of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi, where carried with various concentrations to the breast cancer cell lines 4 T1 and have Potentially Toxicity, where the leaf of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik of the medicinal plant was collected from Palu of central Sulawesi and extracted with ethanol solvent with use of Six different concentrations (31.25 μg/ml, 62.5 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml, 500 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml) of leaf extracts were used to investigate study the in-vitro cytotoxicity concentration potential of the medicinal plant. The cytotoxicity potential of various extracts is N-Heksan extract of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik with CTC50 values of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik is displayed in **Table 3** and **Figure 2**. The results that the cytotoxicity rate has increased when the concentrations of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extracts increases. MTT assay measured the viability cell based on the reduction of yellow tetrazolium MTT to a purple formazan dye by mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase enzyme. Where the amount of formazan produced reflected the number of metabolically active 4 T1 cells Line (Breast Cancer). The test substances Leaf Extract (ethanol), Leaf Extract (ethyl acetate) and Leaf Extract (N-Heksan) were exhibited a CTC50 value of 261.84 ± 0.13 μg/ml, 288.29 ± 0.10 μg/ml and 185.06 ± 0.12 μg/ml. According to the criteria value of the cytotoxicity level of extracts, if an excerpt of natural ingredients with CTC50 < 100 μg/ml is very active, the CTC50 value of 100–200 μg/ml is quite active and > 200 μg/ml is weak [31]. The

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94184*

*Graph of total antioxidant of* Abelmoschus Manihot.

**Name of Test Substance**

**Table 2.**

**Figure 1.**

*Total Antioxidant from Herbal Medicine as a Possible Tool for the Multifunctional Prevention… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94184*


#### **Table 2.**

*Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy*

material of vegetables and is usually mixed with pulp.

**9. Total antioxidant of** *Abelmoschus manihot* **(L.) Medik**

This plant is believed to have medicinal based properties, because are many compound vitamins, like as: A, B1, B2, B3, C and E, compound the calcium, potassium, copper, zinc and many collagen. This plant also contains secondary metabolites like as: Flavonoids, Saponin and phonolite, where it has used as an antioxidant. The evaluate total antioxidant arrest activity using the DPPH (IC50) of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extracts from Palu of Central Sulawesi, the method is displayed in **Table 2** and **Figure 1**, evaluate the potential activity of the test substances for the cytotoxicity against selected 4 T1 cell lines and Vero cell of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extracts from Palu of Central Sulawesi. The

and traditional remedies all over the world [26]. The protective effect on the total flavonoid of *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik on transient cereberal ischemiapreperfusion injury is due to activation of the Nrf2-are pathway, where the highest total flavonoids 788,56 mg/g) of all the different part, the protective effects of an extract of the total flavonoids of *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik on transient cereberal ischemia–reperfusion injury (TCI-RI) were investigated, these data suggest that to protects against TCI-RI by scavengin free radical and activating NRF2-ARF pathway (Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 contributes to neuroptotective immune system, antioxidation, antifatigue and anti-inflamatory properties [27]. The bioactive compounds from *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik alleviate the progression of multiple myeloma in mouse model and improve bone marrow environment, where the *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik derived as a Huangkui capsules (HKC) represent a traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely applied to the clinical therapy of kidney and inflamatory disease by methods expressions of certain proteins were detected via western blotting, transcriptomic RNAsequencing as well as RT-qPCR, where the result revealed that MM-Prone animals appeared to be protected following HKC treatment as evidence by a prolonged survival rate, which four of the nine flavonoid compounds (Hyperin/hyperoxide, HK-2; cannabiscitrin, HK-3, 3-O-kaempferol-3-O-acetyl-6-O-(p-coumaroyl) β-D-glucopyranosid, HK-11, 8-(2-pyrolidione-5-yl)-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid, HK-E3) suppressed osteoclastogenesis in murine raw 264.7 cells.HK-11 directly inhibited MM cells (ARP1 and h929) proliferation and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, which may have involved suppressing β-catenin protein, increasing expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as activating mature TGF-β1 and some other metabolic pathways [28]. *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik have supplementation as a Nephropathy system by methods a combined treatment of a high – fat diet and streptozotocin after unilateral nephrectomy and supplementation of *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik were tested, the results is preventive effects of the extracts on Nephropathy pathology system and changes on autophagy mitocondrial proteins were investigated to showed significant increase in fasting blood glucose, plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urinary albumin levels [29]. *Abelmoschus manihot* L. Medik as a Huangkui in Chinese, where as a traditional Chinese medicine, the Huangkui has been used for medication of the patients as a reduce inflammation anti-oxidative stress, improving immune response system, protecting renal tubular epithelial cells, ameliorating podocyte apoptosis, glomerulosclerosis and mesangial proliferation, as well as inhibiting on cellular and molecular mechanism [30]. So, with the natural antioxidant as a reduces the free radical of spinal muscular atrophy and stimulates the growth of normal cells. In Palu city of central Sulawesi Indonesia, where the plant is known as one of the raw based

**148**

*The antioxidant activity DPPH (IC50) of leaf* Abelmoschus manihot *(L.) Medik [32].*

**Figure 1.** *Graph of total antioxidant of* Abelmoschus Manihot.

cytotoxicity potential of various concentration of ethanol, ethyl acetate, N-Heksan extracts with CTC50 values of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik is displayed in **Tables 3** and **4** and **Figures 2** and **3**. Leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi extract plant shows the total antioxidant is 3,45 μg/ml from reports arrest of DPPH (IC50) is displayed in **Table 2** and **Figure 1**. According to the criteria to the level of antioxidant power with DPPH (IC50) method, where the extract of natural ingredients with IC50 < 50 μg/ml is potential. The in-vitro cytotoxicity effects of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi, where carried with various concentrations to the breast cancer cell lines 4 T1 and have Potentially Toxicity, where the leaf of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik of the medicinal plant was collected from Palu of central Sulawesi and extracted with ethanol solvent with use of Six different concentrations (31.25 μg/ml, 62.5 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml, 500 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml) of leaf extracts were used to investigate study the in-vitro cytotoxicity concentration potential of the medicinal plant. The cytotoxicity potential of various extracts is N-Heksan extract of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik with CTC50 values of *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik is displayed in **Table 3** and **Figure 2**. The results that the cytotoxicity rate has increased when the concentrations of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extracts increases. MTT assay measured the viability cell based on the reduction of yellow tetrazolium MTT to a purple formazan dye by mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase enzyme. Where the amount of formazan produced reflected the number of metabolically active 4 T1 cells Line (Breast Cancer). The test substances Leaf Extract (ethanol), Leaf Extract (ethyl acetate) and Leaf Extract (N-Heksan) were exhibited a CTC50 value of 261.84 ± 0.13 μg/ml, 288.29 ± 0.10 μg/ml and 185.06 ± 0.12 μg/ml. According to the criteria value of the cytotoxicity level of extracts, if an excerpt of natural ingredients with CTC50 < 100 μg/ml is very active, the CTC50 value of 100–200 μg/ml is quite active and > 200 μg/ml is weak [31]. The


#### **Table 3.**

*Cytotoxic properties of test substances of leaf* Abelmoschus Manihot *(L.) Medik on 4 T1 cell line [32].*

results of N-Heksan leaf extract *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik has quite potentially to the cytotoxicity. The N-Heksan leaf extract *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik shows the better percentage of growth inhibition CTC50 is 185.06 ± 0.12 μg/ml 4 T1 cell lines. To the Doxorubicin of cytotoxicity CTC50 with value 4 T1 cells line is 13,57 ± 0.10 μg/ml, where this value shows is toxic of Doxorubicin to 4 T1 cells Line (Breast Cancer). The cytotoxicity with various concentrations of all leaf extracts does not have potentially the cytotoxicity on Vero (normal) cell, where the cytotoxicity with value CTC50 ≥ 200 μg/ml. The test substances Leaf Extract (ethanol), Leaf Extract (ethyl acetate) and Leaf Extract (N-Heksan), were exhibited a CTC50 value of 588.39 ± 0.13 μg/ml, 451.41 ± 0.11 μg/ml and 559.12 ± 0.13 μg/ml. According to the criteria value of the cytotoxicity level of extracts, if an extract of natural ingredients with CTC50 < 100 μg/ml is very active, the CTC50 value of 100–200 μg/ml is quite active and > 200 μg/ml is weak, where is displayed in **Table 4** and **Figure 3**. Results that the cytotoxicity rate has increased when the concentrations of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extracts increases. To the Doxorubicin cytotoxic CTC50 value to Vero (normal) cells is 60.85 ± 0.13 μg/ml, this shows is toxic from according to the criteria

**151**

**Figure 2.**

*Total Antioxidant from Herbal Medicine as a Possible Tool for the Multifunctional Prevention…*

1 Leaf extract (Ethanol) 1000 57.98 ± 0.051 588.39 ± 0.13

2 Leaf extract (Etil Acetat) 1000 65.34 ± 0.005 451.41 ± 0.11

3 Leaf extract (N-Heksan) 1000 68.44 ± 0.005 559.12 ± 0.13

4 Doxorubicin 100 99.71 ± 0.011 60.85 ± 0.13

**Test Conc. (**μ**g/ml) % Cytotoxicity CTC50 (**μ**g/ml)**

500 56.43 ± 0.062 250 23.33 ± 0.027 125 19.74 ± 0.006 62.5 9.29 ± 0.006 31.25 0.00 ± 0.038

500 54.98 ± 0.003 250 38.52 ± 0.006 125 25.75 ± 0.002 62.5 9.39 ± 0.002 31.25 0.77 ± 0.006

500 37.07 ± 0.101 250 31.55 ± 0.004 125 26.42 ± 0.010 62.5 12.58 ± 0.056 31.25 0.00 ± 0.030

50 94.77 ± 0.005 25 84.60 ± 0.065 12.5 58.95 ± 0.057 6.25 52.95 ± 0.064 3.12 37.27 ± 0.008

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94184*

**Substance**

**No Name of Test**

*CTC50- Cytotoxicity concentration.*

*Cytotoxic properties of test substances against on Vero cells [32].*

*Graph of cytotoxic effect on 4 T1 cells line of* Abelmoschus Manihot *(L.) Medik [32].*

**Table 4.**


*Total Antioxidant from Herbal Medicine as a Possible Tool for the Multifunctional Prevention… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94184*

#### **Table 4.**

*Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy*

**Substance**

**Test Conc. (**μ**g/ml)**

1 Leaf extract (Ethanol) 1000 *83.31 ± 0.003* 261.84 ± 0.13

2 Leaf extract (Ethyl Acetate) 1000 66.28 ± 0.016 288.29 ± 0.10

3 Leaf extract (N-Heksan) 1000 94.45 ± 0.006 185.06 ± 0.12

4 Doxorubicin 100 68.24 ± 0.007 13.57 ± 0.10

500 *73.44 ± 0.014* 250 *54.25 ± 0.025* 125 *19.93 ± 0.020* 62.5 *18.64 ± 0.066* 31.25 *2.56 ± 0.049*

500 57.02 ± 0.007 250 54.45 ± 0.019 125 40.81 ± 0.025 62.5 28.17 ± 0.011 31.25 12.29 ± 0.020

500 67.77 ± 0.014 250 52.36 ± 0.038 125 37.50 ± 0.005 62.5 25.33 ± 0.015 31.25 16.55 ± 0.017

50 62.50 ± 0.007 25 53.51 ± 0.017 12.5 47.09 ± 0.109 6.25 42.29 ± 0.009 3.12 40.00 ± 0.002

**% Cytotoxicity CTC50 (**μ**g/ml)**

**NO Name of Test**

*CTC50- Cytotoxicity concentration.*

**Table 3.**

results of N-Heksan leaf extract *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik has quite potentially to the cytotoxicity. The N-Heksan leaf extract *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik shows the better percentage of growth inhibition CTC50 is 185.06 ± 0.12 μg/ml 4 T1 cell lines. To the Doxorubicin of cytotoxicity CTC50 with value 4 T1 cells line is 13,57 ± 0.10 μg/ml, where this value shows is toxic of Doxorubicin to 4 T1 cells Line (Breast Cancer). The cytotoxicity with various concentrations of all leaf extracts does not have potentially the cytotoxicity on Vero (normal) cell, where the cytotoxicity with value CTC50 ≥ 200 μg/ml. The test substances Leaf Extract (ethanol), Leaf Extract (ethyl acetate) and Leaf Extract (N-Heksan), were exhibited a CTC50 value of 588.39 ± 0.13 μg/ml, 451.41 ± 0.11 μg/ml and 559.12 ± 0.13 μg/ml. According to the criteria value of the cytotoxicity level of extracts, if an extract of natural ingredients with CTC50 < 100 μg/ml is very active, the CTC50 value of 100–200 μg/ml is quite active and > 200 μg/ml is weak, where is displayed in **Table 4** and **Figure 3**. Results that the cytotoxicity rate has increased when the concentrations of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik extracts increases. To the Doxorubicin cytotoxic CTC50 value to Vero (normal) cells is 60.85 ± 0.13 μg/ml, this shows is toxic from according to the criteria

*Cytotoxic properties of test substances of leaf* Abelmoschus Manihot *(L.) Medik on 4 T1 cell line [32].*

**150**

*Cytotoxic properties of test substances against on Vero cells [32].*

**Figure 3.** *Graph of the cytotoxic effect of* Abelmoschus Manihot *(L.) Medik on Vero cell [32].*

value of cytotoxicity level [32]. The medicinal plant of leaf *Abelmoschus manihot* (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi extract, where can be used to prepare the natural antioxidant and to prepare the pharmaceutical-based natural drug with proper standardization methods. Medicinal plants are a source of important therapeutic for alleviating human ailments and the medicinal plants have bioactive compounds, which are used for curing various human disease and also play an essential role key in chronic disease to especially on spinal muscular atrophy cell system pathway [33]. The natural antioxidant as a reduces the free radical of spinal muscular atrophy, stimulates the growth of normal cells, to protects the cell against the premature and abnormal aging condition of spinal muscular atrophy, helps fight the age-related molecular degeneration of spinal muscular atrophy and the last to supports the body immune system [34, 35].

#### **10. Summary**

The muscular atrophy recessive autosomal in neuromuscular with characterized of alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord, the neuromuscular disorders is one factor genetic of infant mortality and the spinal muscular atrophy deletion or mutation the Survival motor neuron. Spinal muscular atrophy is a defect in survival motor neuron 1 (SMN 1) and it's gene localized to 5q11.2-q13.3). SMN gene (SMN 1 and SMN 2) on chromosome 5q13 and the homozygous deletion of the SMN 1 gene result in Spinal muscular atrophy. The spinal muscular atrophy disease need of natural antioxidant as a reduces the free radical of the fiber muscle cell, stimulates the growth of normal cells, to protects the cell against the premature and abnormal aging condition of spinal muscle fiber, helps fight the age-related molecular degeneration of spinal muscular cell and the last to supports the body immune system. The medicinal plant of leaf *Abelmoschus Manihot* (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi extract, where can be used to prepare the natural antioxidant and to prepare the pharmaceutical-based natural drug with proper standardization methods. Medicinal plants are a source of important therapeutic for alleviating

**153**

**Author details**

Viani Anggi

*Total Antioxidant from Herbal Medicine as a Possible Tool for the Multifunctional Prevention…*

human ailments and medicinal plants have bioactive compounds, which are used for curing various human disease and also play an essential role key in chronic

Especially Praise the father, praise the Son, praise the spirit three in one God of glory, Majesty praise forever to the King of King my lovely Jesus Christ. But He said to me, "My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weak-

disease to especially on spinal muscular atrophy cell system pathway.

Department College of Pharmaceutical, Central Sulawesi, 94111, Indonesia

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: viani.anggi@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94184*

The authors have no conflict of interest.

**Acknowledgements**

ness (2 Corinthians 12:9).

**Conflict of interest**

*Total Antioxidant from Herbal Medicine as a Possible Tool for the Multifunctional Prevention… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94184*

human ailments and medicinal plants have bioactive compounds, which are used for curing various human disease and also play an essential role key in chronic disease to especially on spinal muscular atrophy cell system pathway.
