*3.3.1 Gross motor function classification system (GMFCS)*

It is the most recognized and established functional classification for Cerebral Palsy. It narrates the gross motor function of the children with cerebral palsy based on an ordinal five-step classification system. GMFCS considers the developmental milestones according to child's age up to 18 years.

*GMFC level I:* Individuals able to walk without limitations.


*GMFC level II:* Individuals walk with limited endurance and balance with the help of orthoses or assistive devices.


*GMFC level III:* Children categorized under GMFC III can walk indoors with the help of assistive devices. However, community mobility needs wheeled devices.


*GMFC level IV:* In this category self-mobility is limited but can sit with appropriate support. Preferable mobility options are manual or motorized devices.


*GMFC level V:* Power wheeled mobility is possible for self-mobility.


#### *3.3.2 Manual ability classification system (MACS)*

It is used in children ages 4 to 18 years, developed by Eliasson et al. in 2006. MACS is used for hand and upper extremities based on a five-point ordinal classification system.

MACS I—Individuals can perform the activities independently with minimal or no limitations in case of heavy/fragile objects.

MACS II—Individuals remain independent in daily activities with slower and decreased performance. They may use different ways to handle the objects and perform the activities.

MACS III—Individuals categorized under MACS III may need support or set-up for the activities. They can perform some activities independently and some activities remain requires assistance to be carried out.

MACS IV—Individuals can not be able to complete the task or activities and depends on adaptive devices and continuous assistance to perform the activities.

MACS V—The individuals categorized in MACS V are unable to handle the objects independently. They depend totally on assistance and can perform simple movement.

#### *3.3.3 Communication function classification system (CFCS)*

It is a valid measure to assess everyday communication in Cerebral palsy. It is also a five-scale ordinal classification system.

CFCS I—Individuals are "effective sender and receiver with unfamiliar and familiar partners" and they can communicate easily with familiar and unfamiliar partners.

CFCS II—In comparison to CFCS I, they communicate at a slower pace with familiar and unfamiliar partners. But, effective in sending and receiving communication.

CFCS III—Individuals are effective communicators with familiar partners. But, due to decreased intelligibility, they can not communicate effectively with unfamiliar partners.

CFCS IV—They can not communicate regularly to familiar partners. Some may communicate occasionally.

CFCS V—Individuals categorized under CFCS V rarely communicate effectively with familiar partners. They regularly have ineffective communication [17].

#### **4. Gait patterns in cerebral palsy**

The gait patterns ideally vary as per the limb involvement and orthotic treatments take place [18]. The common gait patterns of cerebral palsy that affect the movement and posture can be classified into the following categories based on the sagittal plane kinematics;


#### *Orthoses in Conservative Management of Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97941*

In 1987 Winters et al. classified the gait pattern in spastic hemiplegia. They classified it into four types based on sagittal plane kinematics, which is widely accepted.

Type I – There is drop foot deformity. In the swing phase ankle goes in plantarflexion (PF) while exhibiting adequate dorsiflexion in the stance phase. Management may be needed is a leaf spring or hinged ankle-foot orthosis (AFO).

Type II – It shows tenacious plantarflexion during the stance and swing phase. It is true equines due to contracture or spasticity of gastro-soleus muscles. Further, it can be classified into equinus with the knee in neutral and hip extension, and equines with the knee in recurvatum and hip extension.

Type III – Quadriceps/or hamstring weakness results in reduced knee extension and leads to stiff knee gait during the swing phase. In addition to that, gastro-soleus spasticity causes impaired dorsiflexion in the swing phase.

Type IV – It is characterized by ankle plantarflexion, knee contracture/or restricted knee and hip internal rotation and adduction with limited flexion and extension [19–21].

In Bilateral Spastic CP four main groups were identified based on the ankle, knee, hip, and pelvis kinematics in the sagittal plane proposed by Rodda and Graham [22, 23]. The contractures in one and more joints, imbalance muscle action and muscle spasticity cause gait difficulty in CP. As per evidence observed, mainly four types of gait deformity of the knee have been identified. These are jump knee, crouch knee, stiff knee, and recurvatum knee. The most frequent gait abnormalities occur in the sagittal plane [23].

#### **4.1 Gait with equinus foot**

Caused by Gastrosoleus spasticity and added recurvatum force the entire foot on toes tip. An orthotic device with 90-degree ankle dorsiflexion, knee extension can be used during the day and night hours post-surgery only.

#### **4.2 Jump gait**

Children with jump gait show the characteristic of equinus foot, genu flexum, and coxaflecta. Apart from gastrosoleous the spasticity of hamstring and psoas is common in such gait patterns. An orthosis may play an important role in conservative management.

#### **4.3 Gait with apparent equinus**

Patients show excessive flexion in the knee and hip which leads equinus gait. However, a normal range of dorsiflexion at the ankle is found.

#### **4.4 Crouch gait**

It is diagnosed by excessive dorsiflexion at the ankle and excessive flexion of the knee and hip joints. Conservative management in such cases aims to maintain posture, alignment, and balance [16, 24, 25].

#### **5. Measures to prevent cerebral palsy**

Genetics-related cerebral palsy is quite impossible to prevent, and in many cases, the circumstances of congenital cerebral palsy are not fully known and acknowledged. Hence, very little can be done and preventive measures can be taken pre and post-pregnancy to minimize the risk of developmental delays.

Before pregnancy


During pregnancy


After baby birth


### **6. Orthotic management**

CP is a "progressive neuromuscular deformity" characterized by static neurological deficit and motor function disorder. An understanding of medical consequences and deformities is essential for appropriate prognosis/diagnosis and conservative treatments. It has been observed that, if left untreated, progressive deterioration and disastrous changes in function and gait pattern arise over time. However, the treatment protocols have been changed drastically during the past 50 years, and the cerebral palsy patient is probable survival in contrast to the general population with appropriate health care and orthotic management [29]. Cerebral Palsy impairments result in difficulty in movement, coordination, and balance. Hence, developing treatment plans in such a complex condition is a challenge to promote the health of the child [30]. To maintain the physical well-being in cerebral palsy, orthoses impart/play an important role. The main aim of orthoses implication is to correct, prevent, provide a base of support, and to improve skills and efficiency in movement and function in the lower limb. However, orthoses manage postural impairment in trunks and upper limbs [31].

#### **6.1 Orthotic management of lower limb**

The main aim of orthotic management in the lower limb in an individual with cerebral palsy is to "correct/or prevent the deformity, to provide sufficient base of support, to provide skill training, and to improve gait pattern. The implication ultimately results in improved Range of Motion (ROM) and level of function. It also

#### *Orthoses in Conservative Management of Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97941*

helps in maintaining muscle length to bone growth and minimize the secondary effects of the disability [32]. However, orthoses prescribed to correct or prevent the deformities may force some activity limitations by controlling movement [31].

The kinds of orthosis use in the lower limb of cerebral palsy are-as;

1.Foot orthosis (FO)

Foot orthosis provides a stable base of support. However, it does not interfere with or corrects the deformity.

2.Supra malleolar orthosis (SMO)

Supra malleolar orthosis may be used to manage foot deformity. Foot management follows the principles of biomechanics, inhibition and facilitation. These biomechanical principles of supra malleolar orthosis must allow the normal pronation and supination to achieve forward movement and normal elongation of the muscles [32]. Supra malleolar orthosis helps in subtalar alignment and gait pattern improvement in children with cerebral palsy and reduces the intensity of symptoms [33]. The supra malleolar orthosis (SMO) also controls midfoot inversion and increases dorsiflexion at the midfoot during the first part of the swing phase [34].

3.Ankle foot orthosis (AFO)

The most predominantly used orthosis in the lower limb management of CP is AFO. It is used to improve gait patterns, promote stance phase stability, ease swing phase clearance, and limit the contracture of the muscles [35].

4.Floor reaction orthosis (FRO)

This orthosis is widely used if the child is having crouch gait patterns, which indicate ankle dorsiflexion with increased knee and hip flexion. FROs are also improved postural balance and support the muscles to develop the ability to control the body's Centre of Mass (COM). FROs help in altering the Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) in the sagittal plane and promote external knee extension. Also, it limits the ankle dorsiflexion [36].

5.Knee ankle foot orthosis (KAFO)

In cerebral palsy Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (KAFO) is used to maintain posture in standing and during gait training [37]. It is also used to prevent the ankle-foot range of motion in spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) cases [38] and presumed to reduce ankle dorsiflexion ROM at maximum knee extension when applied to six or more than six hours by reducing the muscle-tendon complex stiffness [39].

#### **6.2 Upper limb orthotic management**

For an Orthotist, management of spasticity, deformity and contractures in the upper extremity are challenging tasks, as the treatment modalities, intervention and objectives differ according to each child [40]. To maintain the joint's position, the static splint is designed and used to stabilize the joints and restrict further deformity. It has shown positive effect if used for a long time. However, prolonged use may cause muscle atrophy and a decrease in muscle function [41]. In comparison, the dynamic splints allow a larger range of motion against resistance and prevent contracture and deformity [42]. Clinicians may use casting of the upper extremity to decrease the tone and improve ROM and increase the muscle length [43]. The opponens hand splint, the hand sandwich, and the Australian splint are used frequently to manage the contracture and deformity. Also, elbow and shoulder orthosis have evidence of correcting flexion and rotation of the elbow and arm [44].

### **6.3 Trunk orthotic management**

In general cerebral palsy children do not born with any form of spinal deformity and such things appear with increasing body weight and age. Later on, this may cause respiratory dysfunction and loss of survival [45]. Postural alignment is the major challenge in cerebral palsy children. Prevalence ranges from 15 to 61% with dominance in male children. Spinal deformity increases with age, non-ambulation, spasticity, and muscle weakness [46]. Though the orthotic goal depends on the child's individual needs, the spinal treatment objective is to improve stability/positioning, promote arm and hand function, improve head control, prevent deformity, and improve overall functioning [47]. Some evidence shows that the use of braces may de-accelerate the deformity curve progression in a CP child, proves the technique of conservative management. However, solid evidence is not yet available that spinal braces minimize the rate of surgery [47–49]. The improvement of sitting control and modification in curve progression is the main objective of the conservative management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy [50]. The improvement in sitting and postural balances was found satisfactory, and a remarkable spinal correction was observed using a 3-point force system with the placement of lateral pads [48]. The nonoperative stable support promotes an upright posture that reduces pain and frees the upper extremity for functional utilization [51]. Braces like Boston, Charleston, Milwaukee, Rosemberger, Wilmington, etc. might be useful to support the cause [52].

### **7. Discussion**

The need for orthotic devices differs among the children with cerebral palsy as the clinical needs vary widely. To optimize the children's motor function and gait a wider range of treatment modalities and interventions are required [53]. The implication of supra malleolar orthosis (SMO) may be suitable for controlling deformities like varus or valgus of the foot. It controls sagittal motion during the swing phase with remarkable mid-foot and forefoot kinematic differences [34]. The AFOs are much helpful in achieving ankle stability that impacts trunk motion and promotes body parts coordination, eliminate flexible spasticity and pathological reflexes [54]. Optimistic results of AFOs intervention are observed on energy expenditure, gait kinetics and spatial–temporal kinematic parameters [54, 55]. However, the user's level of deformity and severity may give varied results in controlling movement, posture and adaptation [56]. The children facing the neuro-biomechanical challenge in controlling knee and hip joints may benefit through the distinct AFOs [57]. A structured interview among the parents of Dynamic Ankle Foot Orthoses (DAFO) users about its efficacy reflects positive effects on postural balance and support in standing and sitting [58]. Also, it allows larger total ankle ROM than solid AFOs [59]. Correction of crouch gait pattern by Floor Reaction Ankle Foot Orthosis (FRAFO) of 17 degrees with a standard deviation of 5 degrees can be achieved. This may align knee and postural balance over a longer period [36, 60]. The higher degree of the knee and hip flexion contracture may be considered as a

*Orthoses in Conservative Management of Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97941*

contraindication to the prescription of FRAFOs; were found to restrict the effectiveness of orthosis in controlling knee extension in midstance [61]. The spinal orthosis may help the individual where surgery is not possible. It reduces the scoliotic progression by limiting the deforming forces on the spine and reduces the need for surgery in some cases. Improved head control and social interaction can be achieved with the help of appropriate spinal orthosis [11]. If we study the upper limb orthotic intervention to the children with cerebral palsy, there is a lack of outcome evidence of treatment modality. It indicates the need for more research with vigorous methods to measure the effect of upper limb orthoses and its reliability [62]. According to the type of orthosis and severity of the condition, the orthosis applied to the children with cerebral palsy affects the gait pattern and postural support distinclty [63].
