**Author details**

230 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

**Cooling intensity** 

**Average corrected milk (kg/day)**

**Conception rate (%)**

moderate (M) cooling in Israel

nothing (NSF).

(2001).

towards intensification in the dairies.

subjected to daily refrigeration for a period of 46 days pre-calving. After calving all cows were managed together in a barn equipped with sprinklers and fans. With this management

**Winter, corrected milk (kg/day)** 41-43 39-40 35-38 33-36 **Summer production, as related to winter** .96-1.00 .86-.88 .97-1.03 .84-.90

 Winter 42.0 39.1 37.1 35.3 Spring 42.3 39.2 39.1 36.2 Summer 42.0 35.7 38.0 32.0 Fall 42.1 36.9 38.1 34.1

 Winter 39 39 40 39 Summer 19 12 25 3 **Table 11.** Milk production and conception rate of low and high production cows with intensive (I) or

Although the physiological mechanisms involved in such responses are not fully understood (Avendano-Reyes et al., 2010), various hormonal actions may be implicated.

In Argentina, these management systems may have special connotations, given the trend

Since both nutritional and environmental factors affect the performance of dairy cows in the central basin of Argentina, a trial was designed to evaluate the combined effects of diet and pre-milking cooling with sprinklers and fans (Gallardo et al., 2005). Responses of rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and milk production and composition were evaluated. Cows were assigned to four treatments, consisting of the combination of two diets: control (CD) and balanced (BD) with two levels of cooling before milkings: Sprinklers and fans (SF) or

In order to obtain different Forage: concentrate (F:C) ratios (about 80:20 in CD and 70:30 in BD) grazing in the DB group was restricted. The CD was prepared according to common practices in the area, while the DB was calculated to obtain better protein, energy and lipids balance. Based on the quality of its components, the energy density of diets was 1.48 Mcal of NEL / kg DM and 1.60 Mcal ENL / kg DM for CD and BD, as calculated according to NRC

In addition, SF animals received a combination of spray and ventilation for 20 min before

the morning milking and 30 min before the afternoon milking in the holding pen.

**5.3. Combination of feeding and environmental management** 

**Production level High Low I M I M** 

cow milk production was significantly higher during the first 30 weeks of lactation.

Silvia E. Valtorta *CONICET – Instituto de Patobiología INTA Castelar, Argentina* 

Miriam R. Gallardo *Instituto de Patobiología INTA Castelar, Argentina* 

## **6. References**


Grubb, J.A. & Dehority, B.A. (1976). Variation in colony counts of total viable anaerobic rumen bacteria as influenced by media and cultural methods. *Applied and Environmental Microbiology,* Vol. 31 pp: 262-267, ISSN: 0099-2240

232 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

pp. 23−28, ISSN: 00033561

Champaign, Ill. Pp: 260-271

0302

0916-8818

95, ISSN: 0020-7128

http://www.wdmc.org/2005/3beede.pdf

(Suppl. 1) pp 605, ISSN 0022-0302

Leche - FEPALE, San Jose, Costa Rica, 7 – 11 Abril,

Bahman, A.M.; Rooke, J.A. & Topps, J.H. (1993). The performance of dairy cows offered drinking water of low or high salinity in a hot arid climate. *Animal Production* Vol. 57

Beede, D.K. (1992) Water for Dairy Cattle. In: *Large Dairy Herd Management*. H.H. Van horn & C.J. Wilcox (Eds), American Dairy Science Association, ISBN 0813005868,

Beede, D.K. (2005) The most essential nutrient: water. Proc. 7th Western Dairy Management Conference. March 9-11, 2005, Reno, NV. Pp: 13-31 Available from

Bryant, M.P. & Robinson, I.M. (1961) An improved nonselective culture medium for ruminal bacteria and its use in determining diurnal variation in numbers of bacteria in the

Bryant, M.P.; Small, N.; Bouma, C. & Robinson, I.M. (1958) Studies on the composition of the ruminal flora and fauna of young calves. J Dairy Sci 41: 1747-1767, ISSN 0022-0302 Davison, T.; McGowan, M.; Mayer, D.; Young, B.; Jonsson, N.; Hall, A.; Matschoss, A.; Goodwin, P.; Gaughan, J. & Lake, M. (1996). *Managing hot cows in Australia*. Queensland

Dehority, B.A. (1993). *Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate* 

Drackley, J.K.; Cicela, T.M. & LaCount, D.W. (2003). Responses of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows to additional energy from fat or concentrate during

Erwin, E.S.; Marco, G.J. & Emery, E.M. (1961). Volatile fatty analysis of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 44 pp. 1768-1771, ISSN 0022-

Flamenbaum, I. & Ezra, E. (2003). A large-scale survey evaluating the effect of cooling Holstein cows on productive and reproductive performances under sub-tropical

Flamenbaum. I. & Ezra, E. (2007). The Summer to Winter performance ratio as a tool for evaluating heat stress relief efficiency of dairy herds. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 90

Flamenbaum, I. & Galon, N. (2010). Management of heat stress to improve fertility of dairy cows in Israel. *The Journal of Reproduction and Development,* Vol. 56 (suppl.): S8-S14. ISSN:

Flamenbaum, I. (2008). Manejo del estrés calórico del ganado lechero en entorno tropical y subtropical. Conferencia presentada en el Decimo Congreso Panamericano para la

Gallardo, M.R.; Valtorta, S.E.; Leva, P.E.; Gaggiotti, M.C.; Conti, G.A. & Gregoret, R.F. (2005). Diet and cooling interactions on physiological responses of grazing dairy cows, milk production and composition. *International Journal of Biometeorology,* Vol. 50 pp. 90-

conditions. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 86 (Suppl. 1) pp 19, ISSN 0022-0302

Flamenbaum. I. (2010). Is cooling cows worth the cost? Hoard's Dairyman. May.

rumen. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 44, pp. 1446-1456, ISSN 0022-0302

Department of Primary Industry, ISBN: 0724266801 Brisbane, Australia.

summer. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 86 pp. 1306-1314, ISSN 0022-0302

*Protozoa,* CRC Press, Inc., ISBN 0-8493-4875-7, Boca Raton, Florida.

	- Solomon, R.; Miron, J.; Ben-Ghedalia, D. & Zomberg, Z. (1995). Performance of high producing dairy cows offered drinking water of high and low salinity in the Arava Desert. . *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 78, pp. 620-624, ISSN 0022-0302
	- Valtorta, S.E. & Gallardo, M.R. (2004). Evaporative cooling for Holstein dairy cows under grazing conditions. *International Journal of Biometeorology,* Vol. 48, pp. 213-217, ISSN: 0020-7128
	- Valtorta SE, Gallardo MR, Sbodio OA, Revelli GR, Arakaki C, Leva PE, Gaggiotti M, Tercero EJ. 2008. Water salinity effects on performance and rumen parameters of lactating grazing Holstein cows. Int J Biometeorol. 52:239-247, ISSN: 0020-7128
	- Valtorta, S.E.; Gallardo, M.R.; Castro, H.C. & Castelli, M.E. (1996). Artficial shade and supplementation effcets on grazing dairy cows in Argentina. *Transactions of the ASAE,*  Vol. 39, pp. 233-237, ISSN: 0001-2351
	- Van Soest, P.J.; Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 74, pp. 3583-3597, ISSN 0022-0302
	- Van Soest, P.J. (1994). Funtion of the ruminant forestomach. In: *Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Second Edition,* University Press, ISBN: 080142772X, Cornell Ithaca and London.
	- Wilks, D.L.; Coppock, C.E.; Lanham, J.K.; Brooks, K.N.; Baker, C.C.; Bryson, W.L.; Elmore, R.G. & Stermer, R.A. 1990. Responses of lactating Holstein cows to chilled drinking water in high ambient temperatures. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 73, pp. 1091-1099, ISSN 0022-0302
