**Acknowledgement**

This study was supported by the Thailand Research Fund and Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University.

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1994;77:2044-2050.

Science 1961;44:1937-1940.

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Science 1993;76:205.

1985;68:1479-1487.

1981;52:164-174.

1997;47:315-326.

1981;53:742-748.

Dairy Science 1990;73:938-947.

Journal of Dairy Science 1997;179(Abst.)

Dairy Science 1982;65:2213-2227.

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[2] Armstrong D. Heat stress interactions with shade and cooling. Journal of Dairy Science

[3] Moody EG, Van Soest PJ, McDowell RE, Ford GL. Effect of high temperature and

[4] Richardson CW, Johnson HD, Gehrke CW, Goerlitz DF. 1961. Effects of environmental temperature and humidity on the fatty acid composition of milk fat. Journal of Dairy

[5] Bauman DE, Currie WB. Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: A review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis. Journal of Dairy

[6] Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW, Israel LA, Wilcox CJ. 1982. Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. Journal of

[7] Smith WA, Harris B, Van Horn JrHH, Wilcox CJ. Effect of forage type on production of dairy cows supplemented with whole cottonseed, tallow, and yeast. Journal of Dairy

[8] Mallonee PG, Beede DK, Collier RJ, Wilcox CJ. Production and physiological responses of dairy cows to varying dietary potassium during heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science

[9] Butler, W.R. and Smith, R.D. 1989. Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 1989;72: 767-783. [10] Nebel RL, McGilliard ML. Interactions of high milk yield and reproductive

[11] Fuquay JW. Heat stress as it affects animal production. Journal of Animal Science

[12] Lucy MC, Savio JD, Badinga L, de la Sota RL, Thatcher WW. Factors that affect ovarian

[13] Jolly PD, McDougall S, Fitzpatrick LA, Macmillan KL, Enwhitsle K. Physiological effects of under nutrition on postpartum anoestrous in cows. Journal of Reproduction

[14] Jonsson NN, McGowan MR, McGuigan K, Davison TM, Hussain AM, Kafi M. Relationship among calving season, heat load, energy balance and postpartum ovulation of dairy cows in a subtropical environment. Animal Reproduction Science

[15] Butler WR, Everett RW, Coppock CE. The relationships between energy balance, milk production and ovulation in postpartum Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science.

[16] Staples CR, Thatcher WW, Clark JH. Relationship between ovarian activity and energy status during the early postpartum period of high producing dairy cows. Journal of

[17] Nebel R.L, Jobst SM, Dransfield MBG, Pandolfi SM, Balley TL. Use of radio frequency data communication system, HeatWatch, to describe behavioural estrus in dairy cattle.

performance in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 1993;76:3257-3268.

follicular dynamics in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 1992;70:3615-3626.

dietary fat on milk fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 1971;54:1457-1460.

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[50] Suadsong S, Suwimonteerabutr J, Virakul P, Chanpongsang S, Kunavongkrit A. Effect of improved cooling system on reproduction and lactation in dairy cows under tropical conditions. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2008;21:555-560.

328 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

lactating dairy cattle. Biology of Reproduction 1995;52:1106-1113.

cooling in summer. Journal of Dairy Science 1988;71:1085-1092.

stressed dairy cow. Journal of Animal Science 1999;77:36-50.

environment. Theriogenology 1981;16:139-154.

of Dairy Science 1986;69:3140-3147.

2003;86:232-242.

Science 1991;74:2491-2500.

1993;76:430-436.

1975;58:88-92.

[35] Wolfenson D, Thatcher WW, Badinga L, Savio JD, Meidan R, Lew BJ, Braw-Tal R, Berman A. Effect of heat stress on follicular development during the estrous cycle in

[36] Her E, Wolfenson D, Flamenbaum I, Folman Y, Kaim M, Berman A. Thermal, productive, and reproductive responses of high yielding cows exposed to short-term

[37] Younas M, Fuquay JW, Smith AE, Moore AB. Estrous and endocrine responses of lactating Holsteins to forced ventilation during summer. Journal of Dairy Science

[38] Hansen PJ, Arechiga CF. 1999. Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-

[39] Gwazdauskas FC, Wilcox CJ, Thatcher WW. Environmental and management factors affecting conception rate in a subtropical environment. Journal of Dairy Science

[40] Roman-Ponce H, Thatcher WW, Wilcox CJ. Hormonal relationships and physiological responses of lactating dairy cows to a shade management system in a subtropical

[41] Thatcher WW, Gwazdauskas FC, Wilcox CJ, Toms J Head HH, Buffington DE, Frederickson WB. 1974. Milking performance and reproductive efficiency of dairy cows in an environmentally controlled structure. Journal of Dairy Science 1974;57:304-307. [42] Flamenbaum I, Galon N. Management of heat stress to improve fertility in dairy cows

[43] Armstrong D, Wise M, Torabi M, Weirsma F, Hunter R, Kopel K. Effect of different cooling systems on milk production of late lactation Holstein cows during high ambient

[44] Armstrong D, DeNise S, Delfino F, Hayes E, Grundy P, Montgomery S, Correa M. Comparing three different dairy cattle cooling systems during high environmental

[45] Flamenbaum I, Wolfenson D, Mamen A, Berman A. Cooling cattle by a combination of sprinkling and forced ventilation and its implementation in the shelter system. Journal

[46] Ryan DP, Scland M, Kopel E, Armstrong D, Munyakazi L, Gorlke G, Ingergam R. Evaluating two different evaporative cooling management systems for dairy cows in

[47] Berman A, Folman Y, Kaim M, Marnen M, Herz Z, Wolfensen D, Arieli A, Graber Y. Upper critical temperature and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding daily cows in

[48] West JW, Mullinix BG, Bernard JK. Effects of hot, humid weather on milk temperature, dry matter intake, and milk yield of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science

[49] Legates JE, Farthing BR, Casady RB, Barrada MS. Body temperature and respiratory rate of lactating dairy cattle under field and chamber conditions. Journal of Dairy

in Israel. Journal of Reproduction and Development 2010;56:S36-S41.

temperatures. Journal of Dairy Science 1988;71(Suppl. 1):212. (Abstr.)

temperatures. Journal of Dairy Science 1993;76(Suppl. 1):24.(Abstr.)

hot dry climate. Journal of Dairy Science 1992;76(Suppl. 1):240. (Abstr.)

a subtropical climate. Journal of Dairy Science 1985;68:1488-1495.

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**Milk Production and Animal Health** 

330 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

temperature. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1973;19:155-161.

spermatozoa or ova. Journal of animal Science 1967;26:571-577.

ovulation in dairy cows. Theriogenology 1999;52:1133-1143.

PGF2 and GnRH. Theriogenology 1995;44:915-923.

breeding protocols. Journal of Dairy Science 2001;84:1051-1059.

in dairy cows. Biology of Reproduction 1997;56(Suppl 1):230.

dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 2001;79:2881-2894.

technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. SAADC; 2011.

2003;60:1039-1047.

[66] Monty DE, Racowsky C. In vitro evaluation of early embryo viability and development in summer heat-stressed, superovulated dairy cows. Theriogenology 1987;28:451-465. [67] Ulberg LD, Sheenan LA. Early development of mammalian embryos in elevated

[68] Ulberg LD, Burfening PJ. 1967. Embryo death resulting from adverse environment on

[69] Pursley JR, Kosorok MR, Wiltbank MC. Reproductive management of lactating dairy cows using synchronization of ovulation. Journal of Dairy Science 1997;80:301-306. [70] Pursley JR, Wiltbank MC, Stevenson JS, Ottobre JS, Garverick HA, Anderson LL. Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus. Journal of Dairy Science 1997;80:295-300. [71] Fricke PM, Wiltbank MC. Effect of milk production on the incidence of double

[72] Tenhagen BA, Drillich M, Heuwieser W. Analysis of cow factors influencing conception

[73] Pursley JR, Fricke PM, Garverick HA, Kesler DJ, Ottobre JS, Stevenson JS, Wiltbank MC. Improved fertility in noncycling lactating dairy cows treated with exogenous progesterone during Ovsynch. Journal of Dairy Science 2001;83(Suppl. 1):1563.(Abstr.) [74] Pursley JR, Mee MO, Wiltbank MC. Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using

[75] Cartmill JA, El-Zarkouny SZ, Hensley BA, Lamb GC, Stevenson JS. 2001. Stage of cycle, incidence, and timing of ovulation, and pregnancy rates in dairy cattle after three timed

[76] Vasconcelos JLM, Silcox RW, Lacerda JA, Pursley JR, Wiltbank MC. Pregnancy rate, pregnancy loss, and response to heat stress after AI at 2 different times from ovulation

[77] Santos JEP, Thatcher L, Pool L, Overton MW. Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on luteal function and reproductive performance of high-producing lactating Holstein

[78] Suadsong S, Chaikhun T, Suwimonteerabutr J. Effect of improved cooling system on diurnal body temperature patterns and conception rate in dairy cows under tropical conditions 2011: conference proceeding, July 26-29, 2011, Suranaree university of

[79] Sugiyama S, McGowan M, Kafi M, Phillips N, Yong M. Effects of increased ambient temperature on the development of in vitro derived bovine zygotes. Theriogenology

rates after two timed breeding protocols. Theriogenology 2001;56:831-838.
