**Author details**

Emma Wall *Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, USA* 

Thomas McFadden

*Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada* 

## **7. References**

	- Bar-Peled, U., Maltz, E., Bruckental, I., Folman, Y., Kali, Y., Gacitua, H., Lehrer, A. R., Knight, C. H., Robinzon, B., & Voet, H. 1995. Relationship between frequent milking or suckling in early lactation and milk production of high producing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 2726-2736.
	- Bar-Peled, U., Robinzon, B., Maltz, E., Tagari, H., Folman, Y., Bruckental, I., Voet, H., Gacitua, H., & Lehrer, A. R. 1997. Increased weight gain and effects on production parameters of Holstein heifer calves that were allowed to suckle from birth to six weeks of age. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 2523-2528.
	- Bruckmaier, R. M., & Wellnitz, O. 2008. Induction of milk ejection and milk removal in different production systems. Journal of Animal Science 86: 15-20.
	- Campos, M. S., Wilcox, C. J., Head, H. H., Webb, D. W., & Hayen, J. 1994. Effects on production of milking three times daily on first lactation Holsteins and Jerseys in Florida. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 770-773.
	- Capuco, A. V., Ellis, S. E., Hale, S. A., Long, E., Erdman, R. A., Zhao, X., & Paape, M. J. 2003. Lactation persistency: insights from mammary cell proliferation studies. Journal of Animal Science 81 Suppl 3: 18-31.
	- Carruthers, T. D., & Hafs, H. D. 1980. Suckling and four-times daily milking: influence on ovulation, estrus and serum luteinizing hormone, glucocorticoids and prolactin in postpartum Holsteins. Journal of Animal Science 50: 919-925.
	- Cash, J. G., & Yapp, W. W. 1950. A study of the effect of two- and three- times-a-day milking upon milk yield. Journal of Dairy Science 33: 382. (Abstr.).
	- Claesson, O., Hansson, A., Gustafsson, N., & Brannang, E. 1959. Studies on monozygous cattle twins. XVII. Once-a-day milking compared with twice-a-day milking. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica 8: 38-58.
	- Copeland, L. 1934. Milk and butterfat yields of Jersey cows as affected by frequency of milking. Journal of Dairy Science 17: 815-821.
	- Crawford, H. M., Auchtung, T. L., Wall, E. H., McFadden, T. B., & Dahl, G. E. 2004. Evidence that prolactin (PRL) mediates effects of milking frequency in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 82 (Suppl.1): 424. (Abstr.).
	- Culotta, C. P., & Schmidt, G. H. 1988. An economic evaluation of three times daily milking of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 71: 1960-1966.
	- Dahl, G. E., Auchtung, T. L., & Reid, E. D. 2004a. Manipulating milk production in early lactation through photoperiod changes and milking frequency. The Veterinary Clinics of North American. Food Animal Practice 20: 675-685.
	- Dahl, G. E., Wallace, R. L., Shanks, R. D., & Lueking, D. 2004b. Hot topic: effects of frequent milking in early lactation on milk yield and udder health. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 882-885.
	- Dahlberg, A. C. 1924. Two versus three milkings. Hoard's Dairyman 65: 436.
	- Dash, P. C., Basu, S. B., & Sharma, K. N. S. 1976. Effect of frequency of milking in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 29: 113-116.
	- Dean, H. H. 1898. Milking cows twice and three times per day. Annual Report of Ontario School of Agriculture and Experimental Farm 24: 65.

different production systems. Journal of Animal Science 86: 15-20.

postpartum Holsteins. Journal of Animal Science 50: 919-925.

upon milk yield. Journal of Dairy Science 33: 382. (Abstr.).

of Dairy Science 78: 2726-2736.

of age. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 2523-2528.

Florida. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 770-773.

Animal Science 81 Suppl 3: 18-31.

Agriculture Scandinavica 8: 38-58.

milking. Journal of Dairy Science 17: 815-821.

of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 71: 1960-1966.

of North American. Food Animal Practice 20: 675-685.

buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 29: 113-116.

School of Agriculture and Experimental Farm 24: 65.

Dahlberg, A. C. 1924. Two versus three milkings. Hoard's Dairyman 65: 436.

Dairy Science 82 (Suppl.1): 424. (Abstr.).

882-885.

Bar-Peled, U., Maltz, E., Bruckental, I., Folman, Y., Kali, Y., Gacitua, H., Lehrer, A. R., Knight, C. H., Robinzon, B., & Voet, H. 1995. Relationship between frequent milking or suckling in early lactation and milk production of high producing dairy cows. Journal

Bar-Peled, U., Robinzon, B., Maltz, E., Tagari, H., Folman, Y., Bruckental, I., Voet, H., Gacitua, H., & Lehrer, A. R. 1997. Increased weight gain and effects on production parameters of Holstein heifer calves that were allowed to suckle from birth to six weeks

Bruckmaier, R. M., & Wellnitz, O. 2008. Induction of milk ejection and milk removal in

Campos, M. S., Wilcox, C. J., Head, H. H., Webb, D. W., & Hayen, J. 1994. Effects on production of milking three times daily on first lactation Holsteins and Jerseys in

Capuco, A. V., Ellis, S. E., Hale, S. A., Long, E., Erdman, R. A., Zhao, X., & Paape, M. J. 2003. Lactation persistency: insights from mammary cell proliferation studies. Journal of

Carruthers, T. D., & Hafs, H. D. 1980. Suckling and four-times daily milking: influence on ovulation, estrus and serum luteinizing hormone, glucocorticoids and prolactin in

Cash, J. G., & Yapp, W. W. 1950. A study of the effect of two- and three- times-a-day milking

Claesson, O., Hansson, A., Gustafsson, N., & Brannang, E. 1959. Studies on monozygous cattle twins. XVII. Once-a-day milking compared with twice-a-day milking. Acta

Copeland, L. 1934. Milk and butterfat yields of Jersey cows as affected by frequency of

Crawford, H. M., Auchtung, T. L., Wall, E. H., McFadden, T. B., & Dahl, G. E. 2004. Evidence that prolactin (PRL) mediates effects of milking frequency in early lactation. Journal of

Culotta, C. P., & Schmidt, G. H. 1988. An economic evaluation of three times daily milking

Dahl, G. E., Auchtung, T. L., & Reid, E. D. 2004a. Manipulating milk production in early lactation through photoperiod changes and milking frequency. The Veterinary Clinics

Dahl, G. E., Wallace, R. L., Shanks, R. D., & Lueking, D. 2004b. Hot topic: effects of frequent milking in early lactation on milk yield and udder health. Journal of Dairy Science 87:

Dash, P. C., Basu, S. B., & Sharma, K. N. S. 1976. Effect of frequency of milking in Murrah

Dean, H. H. 1898. Milking cows twice and three times per day. Annual Report of Ontario

	- Krohn, C. C. 2001. Effects of different suckling systems on milk production, udder health, reproduction, calf growth and some behavioural aspects in high producing dairy cows a review. Applied Animal Behavior Science 72: 271-280.
	- Little, D. A., Anderson, F. M., & Durkin, J. W. 1991. Influence of partial suckling of crossbred dairy cows on milk offtake and calf growth in the Ethiopian highlands. Tropical Animal Health and Production 23: 108-114.
	- Lollivier, V., & Marnet, P. 2005. Galactopoietic effect of milking in lactating Holstein cows: role of physiological doses of oxytocin. Livestock Production Science 95: 131-142.
	- Ludwick, L. M., Spielman, A., & Petersen, W. E. 1941. The influence of frequency of milking on milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 24: 505. (Abstr.).
	- Ludwin, I. 1942. The effect of number of daily milkings upon persistency of milk production. Journal of Animal Science 1: 300-308.
	- Lush, J. L., & Shrode, R. R. 1953. Changes in milk production with age and milking frequency. Journal of Dairy Science 33: 338-357.
	- Maltz, E., Livshin, N., Antler, A., Edan, Y., Matza, S., & Antman, A. 2003. Variable milking frequency in large dairies: Performance and economic analysis - Models and experiments. Precision Livestock Farming: 113-118.
	- Margerison, J. K., Preston, T. R., & Phillips, C. J. 2002. Restricted suckling of tropical dairy cows by their own calf or other cows' calves. Journal of Animal Science 80: 1663-1670.
	- McKusick, B. C., Thomas, D. L., & Berger, Y. M. 2001. Effect of weaning system on commercial milk production and lamb growth of East Friesian dairy sheep. Journal of Dairy Science 84: 1660-1668.
	- Morag, M. 1973a. Two and three times-a-day milking of cows. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica 23: 252-260.
	- Morag, M. 1973b. Two and three times-a-day milking of cows I. The use of half-udder techniques in milking frequency studies. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica 23: 252-255.
	- Moss, R. J., & O'Grady, P. 1978. Effect of multiple suckling on liveweight, milk production and fertility of dairy cows. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 12: 224. (Abstr.).
	- Negrao, J. A., Marnet, P. G., & Labussiere, J. 2001. Effect of milking frequency on oxytocin release and milk production in dairy ewes. Small Ruminant Research 39: 181-187.
	- Norgaard, J., Sorensen, A., Sorensen, M. T., Andersen, J. B., & Sejrsen, K. 2005. Mammary cell turnover and enzyme activity in dairy cows: effects of milking frequency and diet energy density. Journal of Dairy Science 88: 975-982.
	- Nostrand, S. D., Galton, D. M., Erb, H. N., & Bauman, D. E. 1991. Effects of daily exogenous oxytocin on lactation milk yield and composition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 2119- 2127.
	- Nudda, A., Bencini, R., Mijatovic, S., & Pulina, G. 2002. The yield and composition of milk in Sarda, Awassi, and Merino sheep milked unilaterally at different frequencies. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 2879-2884.
	- Patton, J., Kenny, D. A., Mee, J. F., O'Mara, F. P., Wathes, D. C., Cook, M., & Murphy, J. J. 2006. Effect of milking frequency and diet on milk production, energy balance, and reproduction in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 1478-1487.

Pearson, R. E., Fulton, L. A., Thompson, P. D., & Smith, J. W. 1979. Three times a day milking during the first half of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 62: 1941-1950.

254 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

on milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 24: 505. (Abstr.).

production. Journal of Animal Science 1: 300-308.

frequency. Journal of Dairy Science 33: 338-357.

experiments. Precision Livestock Farming: 113-118.

energy density. Journal of Dairy Science 88: 975-982.

a review. Applied Animal Behavior Science 72: 271-280.

Health and Production 23: 108-114.

Dairy Science 84: 1660-1668.

Dairy Science 85: 2879-2884.

Scandinavica 23: 252-260.

12: 224. (Abstr.).

2127.

Krohn, C. C. 2001. Effects of different suckling systems on milk production, udder health, reproduction, calf growth and some behavioural aspects in high producing dairy cows -

Little, D. A., Anderson, F. M., & Durkin, J. W. 1991. Influence of partial suckling of crossbred dairy cows on milk offtake and calf growth in the Ethiopian highlands. Tropical Animal

Lollivier, V., & Marnet, P. 2005. Galactopoietic effect of milking in lactating Holstein cows: role of physiological doses of oxytocin. Livestock Production Science 95: 131-142. Ludwick, L. M., Spielman, A., & Petersen, W. E. 1941. The influence of frequency of milking

Ludwin, I. 1942. The effect of number of daily milkings upon persistency of milk

Lush, J. L., & Shrode, R. R. 1953. Changes in milk production with age and milking

Maltz, E., Livshin, N., Antler, A., Edan, Y., Matza, S., & Antman, A. 2003. Variable milking frequency in large dairies: Performance and economic analysis - Models and

Margerison, J. K., Preston, T. R., & Phillips, C. J. 2002. Restricted suckling of tropical dairy cows by their own calf or other cows' calves. Journal of Animal Science 80: 1663-1670. McKusick, B. C., Thomas, D. L., & Berger, Y. M. 2001. Effect of weaning system on commercial milk production and lamb growth of East Friesian dairy sheep. Journal of

Morag, M. 1973a. Two and three times-a-day milking of cows. Acta Agriculture

Morag, M. 1973b. Two and three times-a-day milking of cows I. The use of half-udder techniques in milking frequency studies. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica 23: 252-255. Moss, R. J., & O'Grady, P. 1978. Effect of multiple suckling on liveweight, milk production and fertility of dairy cows. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production

Negrao, J. A., Marnet, P. G., & Labussiere, J. 2001. Effect of milking frequency on oxytocin release and milk production in dairy ewes. Small Ruminant Research 39: 181-187. Norgaard, J., Sorensen, A., Sorensen, M. T., Andersen, J. B., & Sejrsen, K. 2005. Mammary cell turnover and enzyme activity in dairy cows: effects of milking frequency and diet

Nostrand, S. D., Galton, D. M., Erb, H. N., & Bauman, D. E. 1991. Effects of daily exogenous oxytocin on lactation milk yield and composition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 2119-

Nudda, A., Bencini, R., Mijatovic, S., & Pulina, G. 2002. The yield and composition of milk in Sarda, Awassi, and Merino sheep milked unilaterally at different frequencies. Journal of

Patton, J., Kenny, D. A., Mee, J. F., O'Mara, F. P., Wathes, D. C., Cook, M., & Murphy, J. J. 2006. Effect of milking frequency and diet on milk production, energy balance, and

reproduction in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 1478-1487.

	- Thomas, G. W., Spiker, S. A., & Mickan, F. J. 1978. Lactational response of friesian cows suckled in early lactation. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 12: 223. (Abstr.).
	- Tucker, H. A., Vines, D. T., Stellflug, J. N., & Convey, E. M. 1975. Milking, thyrotropinreleasing hormone and prostaglandin induced release of prolactin and growth hormone in cows. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 149: 462- 469.
	- VanBaale, M. J., Ledwith, D. R., Thompson, J. M., Burgos, R., Collier, R. J., & Baumgard, L. H. 2005. Effect of increased milking frequency in early lactation with or without recombinant bovine somatotropin. Journal of Dairy Science 88: 3905-3912.
	- VanRaden, P. M., Wiggans, G. R., & Tassell, C. P. V. 1999. Changes in USDA-DHIA genetic evaluations United States Department of Agriculture Animal Improvement Programs Research Report CH13 (2-99). p 1-4. USDA, Beltsville, MD.
	- Wall, E. H., Bond, J. P., & McFadden, T. B. 2012a. The acute milk yield response to frequent milking in early lactation is mediated by genes transiently regulated by milk removal. Physiological Genomics 44: 25-34.
	- Wall, E. H., Bond, J. P., & McFadden, T. B. 2012b. The milk yield responses to altered milking frequency during early lactation are associated with persistent changes in mammary gene expression and lactational imprinting. BMC Genomics (*Submitted*).
	- Wall, E. H., Crawford, H. M., Ellis, S. E., Dahl, G. E., & McFadden, T. B. 2006. Mammary response to exogenous prolactin or frequent milking during early lactation in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 4640-4648.
	- Wall, E. H., & McFadden, T. B. 2007a. The milk yield response to frequent milking in early lactation of dairy cows is locally regulated. Journal of Dairy Science 90: 716-720.
	- Wall, E. H., & McFadden, T. B. 2007b. Optimal timing and duration of unilateral frequent milking during early lactation of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90: 5042-5048.
	- Wall, E. H., & McFadden, T. B. 2010. The effects of milk removal or four-times-daily milking on mammary expression of genes involved in the insulin-like growth factor-I axis. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 4062-4070.
	- Walsh, J. P. 1974. Milk secretion in machine-milked and suckled cows. Irish Journal of Agricultural Research 13: 77-89.
	- Waterman, D. F., Harmon, R. J., Hemken, R. W., & Langlois, B. E. 1983. Milking frequency as related to udder health and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 66: 253-258.
	- Wilde, C. J., Henderson, A. J., & Knight, C. H. 1986. Metabolic adaptations in goat mammary tissue during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 76: 289- 298.
	- Woodward, T. E. 1931. The production of dairy cows as affected by frequency and regularity of milking and feeding. United States Department of Agriculture Circulation: 180.
	- Wright, J. B., Wall, E. H., & McFadden, T. B. 2012. Increased milking frequency during early lactation stimulates milk yield of primiparous Holstein heifers without adversely affecting udder health. Journal of Animal Science (*Submitted*).
	- Zamiri, M. J., Qotbi, A., & Izadifard, J. 2001. Effect of daily oxytocin injection on milk yield and lactation length in sheep. Small Ruminant Research 40: 179-185.
