**Author details**

Leonel Avendaño-Reyes *Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Valle de Mexicali, Baja California, México* 

#### **9. References**

180 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

Evaporative cooling chambers

Missouri 23.3 a 25.3 b -- 76 24 Igono et al., 1987 Israel 37.2 a 40.7 b -- 80 9 Wolfenson et al.,

Arabia -- 26.8 a 27.7 b 88 12 Ryan et al., 1992 Mexicali 27.0 a 31.0 b -- 89 8 Correa et al., 2002 Arizona 31.0 a 39.1 b 37.9 b 85 11 Correa et al., 2004 Mexicali 19.1 a 21.1b -- 88 4 Avendaño-Reyes

Arizona -- 38.3 a 42.2 b 76 12 Burgos et al., 2008

It is clear that farm animals are not the cause of climate change. If livestock is managed and their feed production properly, cattle actually can help us take carbon out of the air and store it in the soil. Environmental issues will become more important and we need to make sure people understand that farm animals are part of the solution and not part of the problem. Tell people how cows are helping our farming systems to be more

The productive and reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle is notably reduced under conditions of high temperature. The temperature-humidity index is an indicator of the degree of heat stress on the animal. Hest stress is a heavy load for the cow's zootechnical performance and health status that costs the diary industry millions of dollars every year. Implementing adapted herd management strategies as early as possible before the problems are visible at production level is the key. These management strategies include primarily diet manipulation and environmental modifications. Summer environmental adjustments in arid zones mean to provide shades and cooling systems to efficiently reduce the negative effects of heat stress. Those environmental strategies have demonstrated to increase production performance during heat stress periods. However, an economical analysis helps to determine the best cooling system for a specific production system in arid ecosystems.

**Table 2.** Milk production of Holstein cows cooled with different environmental modifications in

THI Cooling

time Reference

1988

et al., 2010b

fans

Place Shade Spray and

ab Milk yield means with different superscript differ (P<0.05)

several studies in arid and semi-arid zones of the world.

environmentally friendly and more sustainable.

*Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California,* 

*Ejido Nuevo León, Valle de Mexicali, Baja California, México* 

Saudi

**8. Conclusions** 

**Author details** 

Leonel Avendaño-Reyes

	- Correa-Calderon, A.; Armstrong, D.; Ray, D.; DeNise, S.; Enns, M. & Howison, C. (2004). Thermoregulatory Responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss Heat Stressed Dairy Cows to Two Different Cooling Systems. *International Journal of Biometeorology,* Vol. 48, No. 3, (2004), pp. 142-1486, ISSN 0020-7128
	- Crimp, S.J.; Stokes. C.J.; Howden, S.M.; Moore, A.D.; Jacobs, B.; Brown, P.R.; Ash, A.J.; Kokic, P. & Leith, P. (2010). Managing Murray–Darling Basin Livestock Systems in a Variable and Changing Climate: Challenges and Opportunities. *The Rangeland Journal*, Vol. 32, No. 3, (September 2010), pp. 293–304, ISSN 1036-9872
	- Escobosa, A.; Coppock, C.E.; Rowe, L.D.; Jenkins, W.L. & Gates, C.E. (1984). Effects of Dietary Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Chloride on Physiological Responses of Lactating Dairy Cows in Hot Weather. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 67, No. 3, (March, 1984), pp. 574-584, ISSN 0022-0302
	- FAO. (2007). Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries: Perspective, Framework and Priorities. *Interdepartmental Group Working on Climate Change.* Food and Agriculture of the United Nations, pp. 5-20, ISSN 1991-637x, Rome, Italy.
	- Flamenbaum, I. & Ezra, E. (2003). A Large Scale Survey Evaluating the Effect of Cooling Holstein Cows on Productive and Reproductive Performances Under Subtropical Conditions. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 86, Suppl. 1, (June 2003), pp. 19 Abstr., ISSN 0022-0302
	- Fuquay, J.W. (1981). Heat Stress as it Affects Animal Production. *Journal of Animal Science,*  Vol. 52, No. 1, (January 1981), pp. 164-174, ISSN 0022-0302
	- Hahn, L.G. (1999). Dynamic Response of Cattle to Thermal Heat Loads. *Journal of Animal Science,* Vol. 51, E. Suppl. 1, (January 1999), pp. 10-20, ISSN 0021-8112
	- Hansen, P.J. & C.F. Arechiga, C.F. (1999). Strategies for Managing Reproduction in the Heat-Stressed Dairy Cow. *Journal of Animal Science,* Vol. 51, E. Suppl. 1, (January 1999), pp. 36-50, ISSN 0021-8112
	- Huber, J.T.; Higginbotham, G.; Gomez-Alarcon, R.A.; Taylor, R.B.; Chen, K.H.; Chan, S.C. & Wu, Z. (1994). Heat Stress Interactions with Protein, Supplemental Fat, and Fungal Cultures. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 77, No. 7, (July 1994), pp. 2080-2090, ISSN 0022- 0302
	- IFAD. (2009). Livestock and Climate Change. In: *Livestock Thematic Papers*, International Fund for Agricultural Development. Available from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22883886/Thematic-paper-on-Livestock-and-Climate-Change-final
	- IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. In: *Summary for Policy Makers*. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ISSN 0971-2062, Available from http://www.ipcc. cg/SPM13apr07.pdf
	- Igono, M.O.; Johnson, H.D.; Steevens, B.J.; Krause, G.F. & Shanklin, M.D. (1987). Physiological, Productive, and Economic Benefits of Shade, Spray, and Fan System Versus Shade for Holstein Cows During Summer Heat. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 70, No. 5, (May 1987), pp. 1069-1079, ISSN 0022-0302

Johnson, H.D. (1987). Bioclimates and Livestock, In: *World Animal Science B5 Bioclimatology and the Adaptation of Livestock,* H.D. Johnson, (Ed.), 3-16, Elsevier Science, ISBN 978-044- 4426-90-1, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

182 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

Vol. 32, No. 3, (September 2010), pp. 293–304, ISSN 1036-9872

Vol. 52, No. 1, (January 1981), pp. 164-174, ISSN 0022-0302

Fund for Agricultural Development. Available from

from http://www.ipcc. cg/SPM13apr07.pdf

No. 5, (May 1987), pp. 1069-1079, ISSN 0022-0302

*Science,* Vol. 51, E. Suppl. 1, (January 1999), pp. 10-20, ISSN 0021-8112

(2004), pp. 142-1486, ISSN 0020-7128

1984), pp. 574-584, ISSN 0022-0302

Italy.

0022-0302

0302

Change-final

36-50, ISSN 0021-8112

Correa-Calderon, A.; Armstrong, D.; Ray, D.; DeNise, S.; Enns, M. & Howison, C. (2004). Thermoregulatory Responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss Heat Stressed Dairy Cows to Two Different Cooling Systems. *International Journal of Biometeorology,* Vol. 48, No. 3,

Crimp, S.J.; Stokes. C.J.; Howden, S.M.; Moore, A.D.; Jacobs, B.; Brown, P.R.; Ash, A.J.; Kokic, P. & Leith, P. (2010). Managing Murray–Darling Basin Livestock Systems in a Variable and Changing Climate: Challenges and Opportunities. *The Rangeland Journal*,

Escobosa, A.; Coppock, C.E.; Rowe, L.D.; Jenkins, W.L. & Gates, C.E. (1984). Effects of Dietary Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Chloride on Physiological Responses of Lactating Dairy Cows in Hot Weather. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 67, No. 3, (March,

FAO. (2007). Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries: Perspective, Framework and Priorities. *Interdepartmental Group Working on Climate Change.* Food and Agriculture of the United Nations, pp. 5-20, ISSN 1991-637x, Rome,

Flamenbaum, I. & Ezra, E. (2003). A Large Scale Survey Evaluating the Effect of Cooling Holstein Cows on Productive and Reproductive Performances Under Subtropical Conditions. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 86, Suppl. 1, (June 2003), pp. 19 Abstr., ISSN

Fuquay, J.W. (1981). Heat Stress as it Affects Animal Production. *Journal of Animal Science,* 

Hahn, L.G. (1999). Dynamic Response of Cattle to Thermal Heat Loads. *Journal of Animal* 

Hansen, P.J. & C.F. Arechiga, C.F. (1999). Strategies for Managing Reproduction in the Heat-Stressed Dairy Cow. *Journal of Animal Science,* Vol. 51, E. Suppl. 1, (January 1999), pp.

Huber, J.T.; Higginbotham, G.; Gomez-Alarcon, R.A.; Taylor, R.B.; Chen, K.H.; Chan, S.C. & Wu, Z. (1994). Heat Stress Interactions with Protein, Supplemental Fat, and Fungal Cultures. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 77, No. 7, (July 1994), pp. 2080-2090, ISSN 0022-

IFAD. (2009). Livestock and Climate Change. In: *Livestock Thematic Papers*, International

IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. In: *Summary for Policy Makers*. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ISSN 0971-2062, Available

Igono, M.O.; Johnson, H.D.; Steevens, B.J.; Krause, G.F. & Shanklin, M.D. (1987). Physiological, Productive, and Economic Benefits of Shade, Spray, and Fan System Versus Shade for Holstein Cows During Summer Heat. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 70,

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22883886/Thematic-paper-on-Livestock-and-Climate-

	- Wolfenson, D.; Flamenbaum, I. & Berman, A. (1988). Dry Period Heat Stress Relief Effects on Prepartum Progesterone, Calf Birth Weight, and Milk Production. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 71, No. 3, (March 1988), pp. 809-817, ISSN 0022-0302
	- Zimbelman, R.B.; Baumgard, L.H. & Collier, R.J. (2010). Effect of Encapsulated Niacin on Evaporative Heat Loss and Body Temperature in Moderately Heat-Stressed Lactating Holstein Cows. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol. 93, No. 6, (June 2010), pp. 1986-1997, ISSN 0022-0302

**Chapter 10** 
