**Author details**

Emma Wall *Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, USA* 

Thomas McFadden

*Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada* 

#### **6. References**

	- Akers, R. M., & Lefcourt, A. M. 1982. Milking- and suckling-induced secretion of oxytocin and prolactin in parturient dairy cows. Hormones and Behavior 16: 87-93.
	- Allan, G. J., Tonner, E., Barber, M. C., Travers, M. T., Shand, J. H., Vernon, R. G., Kelly, P. A., Binart, N., & Flint, D. J. 2002. Growth hormone, acting in part through the insulin-like growth factor axis, rescues developmental, but not metabolic, activity in the mammary gland of mice expressing a single allele of the prolactin receptor. Endocrinology 143: 4310-4319.
	- Allen, D. B., DePeters, E. J., & Laben, R. C. 1986. Three times a day milking: effects on milk production, reproductive efficiency, and udder health. Journal of Dairy Science 69: 1441-1446.
	- Amos, H. E., Kiser, T., & Loewenstein, M. 1985. Influence of milking frequency on productive and reproductive efficiencies of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 732- 739.
	- Asher, G. W., Veldhuizen, F. A., Morrow, C. J., & Duganzich, D. M. 1994. Effects of exogenous melatonin on prolactin secretion, lactogenesis and reproductive seasonality of adult female red deer (Cervus elaphus). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 100: 11- 19.
	- Asimov, G. J., & Krouze, N. K. 1937. The lactogenic preparations from the anterior pituitary and the increase of milk yield in cows. Journal of Dairy Science 20: 289-306.
	- Athie, F., Bachman, K. C., Head, H. H., Hayen, M. J., & Wilcox, C. J. 1996. Estrogen administered at final milk removal accelerates involution of bovine mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 220-226.
	- Auchtung, T. L., Rius, A. G., Kendall, P. E., McFadden, T. B., & Dahl, G. E. 2005. Effects of photoperiod during the dry period on prolactin, prolactin receptor, and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88: 121-127.
	- Bachman, K. C. 2002. Milk production of dairy cows treated with estrogen at the onset of a short dry period. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 797-803.
	- Bagnell, C. A., Zhang, Q., Downey, B., & Ainsworth, L. 1993. Sources and biological actions of relaxin in pigs. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement 48: 127-138.
	- Baldi, A. 1999. Manipulation of milk production and quality by use of somatotropin in dairy ruminants other than cow. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 17: 131-137.
	- Ballou, L. U., Bleck, J. L., Bleck, G. T., & Bremel, R. D. 1993. The effects of daily oxytocin injections before and after milking on milk production, milk plasmin, and milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 1544-1549.
	- Bani, G., Bigazzi, M., & Bani, D. 1986. The effects of relaxin on the mouse mammary gland. II. The epithelium. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 9: 145-152.
	- Baratta, M., Grolli, S., & Tamanini, C. 2003. Effect of leptin in proliferating and differentiated HC11 mouse mammary cells. Regulatoty Peptides 113: 101-107.
	- Bauman, D. E. 1999. Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 17: 101-116.
	- Bauman, D. E., Eppard, P. J., DeGeeter, M. J., & Lanza, G. M. 1985. Responses of highproducing dairy cows to long-term treatment with pituitary somatotropin and recombinant somatotropin. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 1352-1362.

Baumrucker, C. R., & Stemberger, B. H. 1989. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I stimulate DNA synthesis in bovine mammary tissue in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 67: 3503-3514.

276 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

4310-4319.

1441-1446.

739.

19.

Journal of Dairy Science 79: 220-226.

Akers, R. M., & Lefcourt, A. M. 1982. Milking- and suckling-induced secretion of oxytocin

Allan, G. J., Tonner, E., Barber, M. C., Travers, M. T., Shand, J. H., Vernon, R. G., Kelly, P. A., Binart, N., & Flint, D. J. 2002. Growth hormone, acting in part through the insulin-like growth factor axis, rescues developmental, but not metabolic, activity in the mammary gland of mice expressing a single allele of the prolactin receptor. Endocrinology 143:

Allen, D. B., DePeters, E. J., & Laben, R. C. 1986. Three times a day milking: effects on milk production, reproductive efficiency, and udder health. Journal of Dairy Science 69:

Amos, H. E., Kiser, T., & Loewenstein, M. 1985. Influence of milking frequency on productive and reproductive efficiencies of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 732-

Asher, G. W., Veldhuizen, F. A., Morrow, C. J., & Duganzich, D. M. 1994. Effects of exogenous melatonin on prolactin secretion, lactogenesis and reproductive seasonality of adult female red deer (Cervus elaphus). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 100: 11-

Asimov, G. J., & Krouze, N. K. 1937. The lactogenic preparations from the anterior pituitary

Athie, F., Bachman, K. C., Head, H. H., Hayen, M. J., & Wilcox, C. J. 1996. Estrogen administered at final milk removal accelerates involution of bovine mammary gland.

Auchtung, T. L., Rius, A. G., Kendall, P. E., McFadden, T. B., & Dahl, G. E. 2005. Effects of photoperiod during the dry period on prolactin, prolactin receptor, and milk

Bachman, K. C. 2002. Milk production of dairy cows treated with estrogen at the onset of a

Bagnell, C. A., Zhang, Q., Downey, B., & Ainsworth, L. 1993. Sources and biological actions of relaxin in pigs. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement 48: 127-138. Baldi, A. 1999. Manipulation of milk production and quality by use of somatotropin in dairy

Ballou, L. U., Bleck, J. L., Bleck, G. T., & Bremel, R. D. 1993. The effects of daily oxytocin injections before and after milking on milk production, milk plasmin, and milk

Bani, G., Bigazzi, M., & Bani, D. 1986. The effects of relaxin on the mouse mammary gland.

Baratta, M., Grolli, S., & Tamanini, C. 2003. Effect of leptin in proliferating and differentiated

Bauman, D. E. 1999. Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial

Bauman, D. E., Eppard, P. J., DeGeeter, M. J., & Lanza, G. M. 1985. Responses of highproducing dairy cows to long-term treatment with pituitary somatotropin and

ruminants other than cow. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 17: 131-137.

II. The epithelium. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 9: 145-152.

HC11 mouse mammary cells. Regulatoty Peptides 113: 101-107.

recombinant somatotropin. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 1352-1362.

application. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 17: 101-116.

and the increase of milk yield in cows. Journal of Dairy Science 20: 289-306.

production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88: 121-127.

short dry period. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 797-803.

composition. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 1544-1549.

and prolactin in parturient dairy cows. Hormones and Behavior 16: 87-93.

	- Collier, R. J., Bauman, D. E., & Hays, R. L. 1977. Effect of reserpine on milk production and serum prolactin of cows hormonally induced into lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 60: 896-901.
	- Cos, S., Gonzalez, A., Martinez-Campa, C., Mediavilla, M. D., Alonso-Gonzalez, C., & Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J. 2006. Estrogen-signaling pathway: a link between breast cancer and melatonin oncostatic actions. Cancer Detection and Prevention 30: 118-128.
	- Cos, S., & Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J. 2000. Melatonin and mammary pathological growth. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 21: 133-170.
	- Cowie, A. T. 1969. Variations in the yield and composition of the milk during lactation in the rabbit and the galactopoietic effect of prolactin. Journal of Endocrinology 44: 437-450.
	- Cowie, A. T., Cox, C. P., Folley, S. J., Hosking, Z. D., & Tindal, J. S. 1965. Relative efficiency of crystalline suspensions of hexoestrol and of oestradiol monobenzoate in inducing mammary development and lactation in the goat; and effects of relaxin on mammogenesis and lactation. Journal of Endocrinology 31: 165-172.
	- Crooker, B. A., & Otterby, D. E. 1991. Management of the dairy herd treated with bovine somatotropin. The Veterinary Clinics of North American. Food Animal Practice 7: 417- 437.
	- Cunha, G. R., Cooke, P. S., & Kurita, T. 2004. Role of stromal-epithelial interactions in hormonal responses. Archives of Histology and Cytology 67: 417-434.
	- Dahl, G. E. 2008. Effects of short day photoperiod on prolactin signaling in dry cows: a common mechanism among tissues and environments? Journal of Animal Science 86: 10-14.
	- Dahl, G. E., Auchtung, T. L., & Reid, E. D. 2004. Manipulating milk production in early lactation through photoperiod changes and milking frequency. The Veterinary Clinics of North American. Food Animal Practice 20: 675-685.
	- Dahl, G. E., Buchanan, B. A., & Tucker, H. A. 2000. Photoperiodic effects on dairy cattle: a review. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 885-893.
	- Dahl, G. E., & Petitclerc, D. 2003. Management of photoperiod in the dairy herd for improved production and health. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Suppl. 3): 11-17.
	- Daly, S. E., & Hartmann, P. E. 1995. Infant demand and milk supply. Part 1: Infant demand and milk production in lactating women. Journal of Human Lactation 11: 21-26.
	- Daly, S. E., Owens, R. A., & Hartmann, P. E. 1993. The short-term synthesis and infantregulated removal of milk in lactating women. Experimental Physiology 78: 209-220.
	- Danforth, D. N., Jr., Tamarkin, L., & Lippman, M. E. 1983. Melatonin increases oestrogen receptor binding activity of human breast cancer cells. Nature 305: 323-325.
	- Djonov, V., Andres, A. C., & Ziemiecki, A. 2001. Vascular remodelling during the normal and malignant life cycle of the mammary gland. Microscopy Research and Technique 52: 182-189.
	- Dohoo, I. R., DesCoteaux, L., Leslie, K., Fredeen, A., Shewfelt, W., Preston, A., & Dowling, P. 2003. A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin. 2. Effects on animal health, reproductive performance, and culling. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 252-264.

Dunlap, T. F., Kohn, R. A., Dahl, G. E., Varner, M., & Erdman, R. A. 2000. The impact of somatotropin, milking frequency, and photoperiod on dairy farm nutrient flows. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 968-976.

278 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 21: 133-170.

896-901.

437.

10-14.

52: 182-189.

Veterinary Research 67: 252-264.

Collier, R. J., Bauman, D. E., & Hays, R. L. 1977. Effect of reserpine on milk production and serum prolactin of cows hormonally induced into lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 60:

Cos, S., Gonzalez, A., Martinez-Campa, C., Mediavilla, M. D., Alonso-Gonzalez, C., & Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J. 2006. Estrogen-signaling pathway: a link between breast cancer

Cowie, A. T. 1969. Variations in the yield and composition of the milk during lactation in the rabbit and the galactopoietic effect of prolactin. Journal of Endocrinology 44: 437-450. Cowie, A. T., Cox, C. P., Folley, S. J., Hosking, Z. D., & Tindal, J. S. 1965. Relative efficiency of crystalline suspensions of hexoestrol and of oestradiol monobenzoate in inducing mammary development and lactation in the goat; and effects of relaxin on

Crooker, B. A., & Otterby, D. E. 1991. Management of the dairy herd treated with bovine somatotropin. The Veterinary Clinics of North American. Food Animal Practice 7: 417-

Cunha, G. R., Cooke, P. S., & Kurita, T. 2004. Role of stromal-epithelial interactions in

Dahl, G. E. 2008. Effects of short day photoperiod on prolactin signaling in dry cows: a common mechanism among tissues and environments? Journal of Animal Science 86:

Dahl, G. E., Auchtung, T. L., & Reid, E. D. 2004. Manipulating milk production in early lactation through photoperiod changes and milking frequency. The Veterinary Clinics

Dahl, G. E., Buchanan, B. A., & Tucker, H. A. 2000. Photoperiodic effects on dairy cattle: a

Dahl, G. E., & Petitclerc, D. 2003. Management of photoperiod in the dairy herd for improved production and health. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Suppl. 3): 11-17. Daly, S. E., & Hartmann, P. E. 1995. Infant demand and milk supply. Part 1: Infant demand and milk production in lactating women. Journal of Human Lactation 11: 21-26. Daly, S. E., Owens, R. A., & Hartmann, P. E. 1993. The short-term synthesis and infantregulated removal of milk in lactating women. Experimental Physiology 78: 209-220. Danforth, D. N., Jr., Tamarkin, L., & Lippman, M. E. 1983. Melatonin increases oestrogen

Djonov, V., Andres, A. C., & Ziemiecki, A. 2001. Vascular remodelling during the normal and malignant life cycle of the mammary gland. Microscopy Research and Technique

Dohoo, I. R., DesCoteaux, L., Leslie, K., Fredeen, A., Shewfelt, W., Preston, A., & Dowling, P. 2003. A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin. 2. Effects on animal health, reproductive performance, and culling. Canadian Journal of

receptor binding activity of human breast cancer cells. Nature 305: 323-325.

and melatonin oncostatic actions. Cancer Detection and Prevention 30: 118-128. Cos, S., & Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J. 2000. Melatonin and mammary pathological growth.

mammogenesis and lactation. Journal of Endocrinology 31: 165-172.

hormonal responses. Archives of Histology and Cytology 67: 417-434.

of North American. Food Animal Practice 20: 675-685.

review. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 885-893.

	- Hadsell, D. L., Parlow, A. F., Torres, D., George, J., & Olea, W. 2008. Enhancement of maternal lactation performance during prolonged lactation in the mouse by mouse GH and long-R3-IGF-I is linked to changes in mammary signaling and gene expression. Journal of Endocrinology 198: 61-70.
	- Harness, H. R., & Anderson, R. R. 1975. Effect of relaxin on mammary gland growth and lactation in the rat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 148: 933-936.
	- Heesom, K. J., Souza, P. F., Ilic, V., & Williamson, D. H. 1992. Chain-length dependency of interactions of medium-chain fatty acids with glucose metabolism in acini isolated from lactating rat mammary glands. A putative feed-back to control milk lipid synthesis from glucose. The Biochemical Journal 281 ( Pt 1): 273-278.
	- Henderson, A. J., & Peaker, M. 1984. Feed-back control of milk secretion in the goat by a chemical in milk. Journal of Physiology 351: 39-45.
	- Hennighausen, L., Robinson, G. W., Wagner, K. U., & Liu, W. 1997a. Prolactin signaling in mammary gland development. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272: 7567-7569.
	- Hennighausen, L., Robinson, G. W., Wagner, K. U., & Liu, X. 1997b. Developing a mammary gland is a stat affair. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2: 365-372.
	- Hill, S. M., Frasch, T., Xiang, S., Yuan, L., Duplessis, T., & Mao, L. 2009. Molecular mechanisms of melatonin anticancer effects. Integrative Cancer Therapies 8: 337-346.
	- Hillerton, J. E., Knight, C. H., Turvey, A., Wheatley, S. D., & Wilde, C. J. 1990. Milk yield and mammary function in dairy cows milked four times daily. Journal of Dairy Research 57: 285-294.
	- Horseman, N. D. 1999. Prolactin and mammary gland development. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 4: 79-88.
	- Howe, J. E., Heald, C. W., & Bibb, T. L. 1975. Histology of induced bovine lactogenesis. Journal of Dairy Science 58: 853-860.
	- Hu, X., Juneja, S. C., Maihle, N. J., & Cleary, M. P. 2002. Leptin--a growth factor in normal and malignant breast cells and for normal mammary gland development. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 94: 1704-1711.
	- Hurley, W. L., Doane, R. M., O'Day-Bowman, M. B., Winn, R. J., Mojonnier, L. E., & Sherwood, O. D. 1991. Effect of relaxin on mammary development in ovariectomized pregnant gilts. Endocrinology 128: 1285-1290.
	- Hynes, N. E., Cella, N., & Wartmann, M. 1997. Prolactin mediated intracellular signaling in mammary epithelial cells. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2: 19-27.
	- Imagawa, W., Pedchenko, V. K., Helber, J., & Zhang, H. 2002. Hormone/growth factor interactions mediating epithelial/stromal communication in mammary gland development and carcinogenesis. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 80: 213-230.
	- Ingalls, W. G., Convey, E. M., & Hafs, H. D. 1973. Bovine serum LH, GH, and prolactin during late pregnancy, parturition and early lactation. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 143: 161-164.
	- Kelly, P. A., Bachelot, A., Kedzia, C., Hennighausen, L., Ormandy, C. J., Kopchick, J. J., & Binart, N. 2002. The role of prolactin and growth hormone in mammary gland development. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 197: 127-131.

Keys, J. E., Capuco, A. V., Akers, R. M., & Djiane, J. 1989. Comparative study of mammary gland development and differentiation between beef and dairy heifers. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 6: 311-319.

280 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

glucose. The Biochemical Journal 281 ( Pt 1): 273-278.

chemical in milk. Journal of Physiology 351: 39-45.

Gland Biology and Neoplasia 4: 79-88.

Journal of Dairy Science 58: 853-860.

National Cancer Institute 94: 1704-1711.

Biology 80: 213-230.

pregnant gilts. Endocrinology 128: 1285-1290.

Experimental Biology and Medicine 143: 161-164.

Journal of Endocrinology 198: 61-70.

148: 933-936.

285-294.

Hadsell, D. L., Parlow, A. F., Torres, D., George, J., & Olea, W. 2008. Enhancement of maternal lactation performance during prolonged lactation in the mouse by mouse GH and long-R3-IGF-I is linked to changes in mammary signaling and gene expression.

Harness, H. R., & Anderson, R. R. 1975. Effect of relaxin on mammary gland growth and lactation in the rat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Heesom, K. J., Souza, P. F., Ilic, V., & Williamson, D. H. 1992. Chain-length dependency of interactions of medium-chain fatty acids with glucose metabolism in acini isolated from lactating rat mammary glands. A putative feed-back to control milk lipid synthesis from

Henderson, A. J., & Peaker, M. 1984. Feed-back control of milk secretion in the goat by a

Hennighausen, L., Robinson, G. W., Wagner, K. U., & Liu, W. 1997a. Prolactin signaling in mammary gland development. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272: 7567-7569. Hennighausen, L., Robinson, G. W., Wagner, K. U., & Liu, X. 1997b. Developing a mammary gland is a stat affair. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2: 365-372. Hill, S. M., Frasch, T., Xiang, S., Yuan, L., Duplessis, T., & Mao, L. 2009. Molecular mechanisms of melatonin anticancer effects. Integrative Cancer Therapies 8: 337-346. Hillerton, J. E., Knight, C. H., Turvey, A., Wheatley, S. D., & Wilde, C. J. 1990. Milk yield and mammary function in dairy cows milked four times daily. Journal of Dairy Research 57:

Horseman, N. D. 1999. Prolactin and mammary gland development. Journal of Mammary

Howe, J. E., Heald, C. W., & Bibb, T. L. 1975. Histology of induced bovine lactogenesis.

Hu, X., Juneja, S. C., Maihle, N. J., & Cleary, M. P. 2002. Leptin--a growth factor in normal and malignant breast cells and for normal mammary gland development. Journal of the

Hurley, W. L., Doane, R. M., O'Day-Bowman, M. B., Winn, R. J., Mojonnier, L. E., & Sherwood, O. D. 1991. Effect of relaxin on mammary development in ovariectomized

Hynes, N. E., Cella, N., & Wartmann, M. 1997. Prolactin mediated intracellular signaling in mammary epithelial cells. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2: 19-27. Imagawa, W., Pedchenko, V. K., Helber, J., & Zhang, H. 2002. Hormone/growth factor interactions mediating epithelial/stromal communication in mammary gland development and carcinogenesis. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular

Ingalls, W. G., Convey, E. M., & Hafs, H. D. 1973. Bovine serum LH, GH, and prolactin during late pregnancy, parturition and early lactation. Proceedings of the Society for

Kelly, P. A., Bachelot, A., Kedzia, C., Hennighausen, L., Ormandy, C. J., Kopchick, J. J., & Binart, N. 2002. The role of prolactin and growth hormone in mammary gland

development. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 197: 127-131.

	- Levy, H. R. 1963. Inhibition of mammary gland acetyl CoA carboxylase by fatty acids. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communiucations 13: 267-272.
	- Levy, H. R. 1964. The Effects of Weaning and Milk on Mammary Fatty Acid Synthesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 84: 229-238.
	- Li, M., Li, Q., & Gao, X. 2010. Expression and function of leptin and its receptor in dairy goat mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Research 77: 213-219.
	- Li, S., & Rosen, J. M. 1994. Glucocorticoid regulation of rat whey acidic protein gene expression involves hormone-induced alterations of chromatin structure in the distal promoter region. Molecular Endocrinology 8: 1328-1335.
	- Linnerud, A. C., Caruolo, E. V., Miller, G. E., Marx, G. D., & Donker, J. D. 1966. Lactation studies. X. Total daily production as affected by number of times milked, number of times stimulated, and method of stimulation. Journal of Dairy Science 49: 1529-1532.
	- Linzell, J. L. 1966. Measurement of udder volume in live goats as an index of mammary growth and function. Journal of Dairy Science 49: 307-311.
	- Linzell, J. L., & Peaker, M. 1971. Mechanism of milk secretion. Physiological Reviews 51: 564-597.
	- Lollivier, V., & Marnet, P. 2005. Galactopoietic effect of milking in lactating Holstein cows: role of physiological doses of oxytocin. Livestock Production Science 95: 131-142.
	- Maltz, E., Blatchford, D. R., & Peaker, M. 1984. Effects of frequent milking on milk secretion and mammary blood flow in the goat. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 69: 127-132.
	- Mao, W., & Caruolo, E. V. 1973. Effect of lactose content and milking interval on mammary blood flow. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 729-732.
	- Matsumoto, M., Nishinakagawa, H., Kurohmaru, M., Hayashi, Y., & Otsuka, J. 1992. Pregnancy and lactation affect the microvasculature of the mammary gland in mice. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 54: 937-943.
	- McFadden, T. B. 1997. Prospects for improving lactation persistency. In: R. A. Welch, D. J. Burns, S. R. Davis, A. I. Popay and C. G. Prosser (eds.) Milk Composition, Production and Biotechnology. p 319-339. CAB International, Wallingford.
	- Meites, J. 1961. Farm animals: hormonal induction of lactation and galactopoiesis. In: S. K. a. A. T. C. Kon (ed.) Milk: the Mammary Gland and Its Secretions No. 1. p 321-367. Academic Press, London.
	- Miller, A. R., Erdman, R. A., Douglass, L. W., & Dahl, G. E. 2000. Effects of photoperiodic manipulation during the dry period of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 962-967.
	- Miller, A. R., Stanisiewski, E. P., Erdman, R. A., Douglass, L. W., & Dahl, G. E. 1999. Effects of long daily photoperiod and bovine somatotropin (Trobest) on milk yield in cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82: 1716-1722.
	- Miller, N., Delbecchi, L., Petitclerc, D., Wagner, G. F., Talbot, B. G., & Lacasse, P. 2006. Effect of stage of lactation and parity on mammary gland cell renewal. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 4669-4677.
	- Molento, C. F., Block, E., Cue, R. I., & Petitclerc, D. 2002. Effects of insulin, recombinant bovine somatotropin, and their interaction on insulin-like growth factor-I secretion and milk protein production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 738-747.

Motta, M., Accornero, P., & Baratta, M. 2004. Leptin and prolactin modulate the expression of SOCS-1 in association with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mammary cells: a role in differentiated secretory epithelium. Regulatory Peptides 121: 163-170.

282 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Research 77: 213-219.

promoter region. Molecular Endocrinology 8: 1328-1335.

growth and function. Journal of Dairy Science 49: 307-311.

blood flow. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 729-732.

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 54: 937-943.

and Biotechnology. p 319-339. CAB International, Wallingford.

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 84: 229-238.

564-597.

127-132.

Academic Press, London.

Science 89: 4669-4677.

Journal of Dairy Science 82: 1716-1722.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communiucations 13: 267-272.

Levy, H. R. 1963. Inhibition of mammary gland acetyl CoA carboxylase by fatty acids.

Levy, H. R. 1964. The Effects of Weaning and Milk on Mammary Fatty Acid Synthesis.

Li, M., Li, Q., & Gao, X. 2010. Expression and function of leptin and its receptor in dairy goat

Li, S., & Rosen, J. M. 1994. Glucocorticoid regulation of rat whey acidic protein gene expression involves hormone-induced alterations of chromatin structure in the distal

Linnerud, A. C., Caruolo, E. V., Miller, G. E., Marx, G. D., & Donker, J. D. 1966. Lactation studies. X. Total daily production as affected by number of times milked, number of times stimulated, and method of stimulation. Journal of Dairy Science 49: 1529-1532. Linzell, J. L. 1966. Measurement of udder volume in live goats as an index of mammary

Linzell, J. L., & Peaker, M. 1971. Mechanism of milk secretion. Physiological Reviews 51:

Lollivier, V., & Marnet, P. 2005. Galactopoietic effect of milking in lactating Holstein cows: role of physiological doses of oxytocin. Livestock Production Science 95: 131-142. Maltz, E., Blatchford, D. R., & Peaker, M. 1984. Effects of frequent milking on milk secretion and mammary blood flow in the goat. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 69:

Mao, W., & Caruolo, E. V. 1973. Effect of lactose content and milking interval on mammary

Matsumoto, M., Nishinakagawa, H., Kurohmaru, M., Hayashi, Y., & Otsuka, J. 1992. Pregnancy and lactation affect the microvasculature of the mammary gland in mice.

McFadden, T. B. 1997. Prospects for improving lactation persistency. In: R. A. Welch, D. J. Burns, S. R. Davis, A. I. Popay and C. G. Prosser (eds.) Milk Composition, Production

Meites, J. 1961. Farm animals: hormonal induction of lactation and galactopoiesis. In: S. K. a. A. T. C. Kon (ed.) Milk: the Mammary Gland and Its Secretions No. 1. p 321-367.

Miller, A. R., Erdman, R. A., Douglass, L. W., & Dahl, G. E. 2000. Effects of photoperiodic manipulation during the dry period of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 962-967. Miller, A. R., Stanisiewski, E. P., Erdman, R. A., Douglass, L. W., & Dahl, G. E. 1999. Effects of long daily photoperiod and bovine somatotropin (Trobest) on milk yield in cows.

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cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81 (Suppl. 1): 251. (Abstr.).

Clinincal Endocrinology and Metabolism 10: 323-336.

mammary microvasculature. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 1184-1197.

the lactating goat. Biochemical Society Transactions 22: 178S.

protein. Journal of Cell Science 106 ( Pt 2): 641-648.

expression. Annual Reviews in Nutrition 19: 407-436.

Journal of Dairy Science 64: 1671-1678.

Endocrinology 168: 39-48.

Endocrinology 4: 279-290.

Physiology 79: 565-570.

Cycle 6: 1329-1331.

Journal of Endocrinology 139: 19-26.

201.

Peters, R. R., Chapin, L. T., Emery, R. S., & Tucker, H. A. 1981. Milk yield, feed intake, prolactin, growth hormone, and glucocorticoid response of cows to supplemented light.

Petitclerc, D., Vinet, C. M., Roy, G., & Lacasse, P. 1998. Prepartum photoperiod and melatonin feeding on milk production and prolactin concentrations of dairy heifers and

Plath-Gabler, A., Gabler, C., Sinowatz, F., Berisha, B., & Schams, D. 2001. The expression of the IGF family and GH receptor in the bovine mammary gland. Journal of

Plaut, K., Bauman, D. E., Agergaard, N., & Akers, R. M. 1987. Effect of exogenous prolactin administration on lactational performance of dairy cows. Domestic Animal

Poole, D. A. 1982. The effects of milking cows three times daily. Animal Production 34: 197-

Postel-Vinay, M. C., & Kelly, P. A. 1996. Growth hormone receptor signalling. Baillieres

Prosser, C. G., Davis, S. R., Farr, V. C., & Lacasse, P. 1996. Regulation of blood flow in the

Prosser, C. G., Farr, V. C., & Davis, S. R. 1994. Increased mammary blood flow in the lactating goat induced by parathyroid hormone-related protein. Experimental

Prosser, C. G., Fleet, I. R., Corps, A. N., Froesch, E. R., & Heap, R. B. 1990. Increase in milk secretion and mammary blood flow by intra-arterial infusion of insulin-like growth factor-I into the mammary gland of the goat. Journal of Endocrinology 126: 437-443. Purup, S., Sejrsen, K., Foldager, J., & Akers, R. M. 1993. Effect of exogenous bovine growth hormone and ovariectomy on prepubertal mammary growth, serum hormones and acute in-vitro proliferative response of mammary explants from Holstein heifers.

Quarrie, L. H., Addey, C. V., & Wilde, C. J. 1994. Local regulation of mammary apoptosis in

Rennison, M. E., Kerr, M., Addey, C. V., Handel, S. E., Turner, M. D., Wilde, C. J., & Burgoyne, R. D. 1993. Inhibition of constitutive protein secretion from lactating mouse mammary epithelial cells by FIL (feedback inhibitor of lactation), a secreted milk

Reversi, A., Cassoni, P., & Chini, B. 2005. Oxytocin receptor signaling in myoepithelial and

Rosen, J. M., Jones, W. K., Rodgers, J. R., Compton, J. G., Bisbee, C. A., David-Inouye, Y., & Yu-Lee, L. Y. 1986. Regulatory sequences involved in the hormonal control of casein

Rosen, J. M., Wyszomierski, S. L., & Hadsell, D. 1999. Regulation of milk protein gene

Sahar, S., & Sassone-Corsi, P. 2007. Circadian clock and breast cancer: a molecular link. Cell

cancer cells. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 10: 221-229.

gene expression. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 464: 87-99.

	- Smith, K. L., & Schanbacher, F. L. 1973. Hormone induced lactation in the bovine. I. Lactational performance following injections of 17-estradiol and progesterone. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 738-743.
	- Soloff, M. S. 1982. Oxytocin receptors and mammary myoepithelial cells. Journal of Dairy Science 65: 326-337.
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	- Stockdale, C. R. 2006. Influence of milking frequency on the productivity of dairy cows. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46: 965-974.
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	- Streuli, C. H., & Bissell, M. J. 1990. Expression of extracellular matrix components is regulated by substratum. Journal of Cell Biology 110: 1405-1415.
	- Suard, Y. M., Haeuptle, M. T., Farinon, E., & Kraehenbuhl, J. P. 1983. Cell proliferation and milk protein gene expression in rabbit mammary cell cultures. Journal of Cell Biology 96: 1435-1442.
	- Tamarkin, L., Cohen, M., Roselle, D., Reichert, C., Lippman, M., & Chabner, B. 1981. Melatonin inhibition and pinealectomy enhancement of 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in the rat. Cancer Research 41: 4432-4436.
	- Thatcher, W. W., & Tucker, H. A. 1968. Intensive nursing and lactational performance during extended lactation. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 128: 46-48.
	- Thatcher, W. W., & Tucker, H. A. 1970. Lactational performance of rats injected with oxytocin, cortisol-21-acetate, prolactin and growth hormone during prolonged lactation. Endocrinology 86: 237-240.

Titus, J. G., Crawford, H. M., Wall, E. H., Dahl, G. E., & McFadden, T. B. 2008. Evidence that prolactin does not drive the milk yield response to frequent milking in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 91 (Suppl. 1): 439 (Abstr.).

286 Milk Production – An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health

of Dairy Science 56: 738-743.

Endocrinology 23: 111-123.

quality. Journal of Dairy Research 75: 90-97.

Science 65: 326-337.

96: 1435-1442.

4432-4436.

Medicine 128: 46-48.

Endocrinology 86: 237-240.

Smith, K. L., & Schanbacher, F. L. 1973. Hormone induced lactation in the bovine. I. Lactational performance following injections of 17-estradiol and progesterone. Journal

Soloff, M. S. 1982. Oxytocin receptors and mammary myoepithelial cells. Journal of Dairy

Sorensen, A., & Knight, C. H. 2002. Endocrine profiles of cows undergoing extended lactation in relation to the control of lactation persistency. Domestic Animal

Sorensen, A., Muir, D. D., & Knight, C. H. 2008. Extended lactation in dairy cows: effects of milking frequency, calving season and nutrition on lactation persistency and milk

Stanley, R. W., & Morita, K. 1967. Effect of feeding thyroprotein to dairy cattle in a subtropical environment on milk composition and production, rumen metabolism, and

Stelwagen, K. 2001. Effect of milking frequency on mammary functioning and shape of the

Stelwagen, K., Davis, S. R., Farr, V. C., Prosser, C. G., & Sherlock, R. A. 1994. Mammary epithelial cell tight junction integrity and mammary blood flow during an extended

Stelwagen, K., van Espen, D. C., Verkerk, G. A., McFadden, H. A., & Farr, V. C. 1998. Elevated plasma cortisol reduces permeability of mammary tight junctions in the

Stockdale, C. R. 2006. Influence of milking frequency on the productivity of dairy cows.

Streuli, C. H., Bailey, N., & Bissell, M. J. 1991. Control of mammary epithelial differentiation: basement membrane induces tissue-specific gene expression in the absence of cell-cell

Suard, Y. M., Haeuptle, M. T., Farinon, E., & Kraehenbuhl, J. P. 1983. Cell proliferation and milk protein gene expression in rabbit mammary cell cultures. Journal of Cell Biology

Tamarkin, L., Cohen, M., Roselle, D., Reichert, C., Lippman, M., & Chabner, B. 1981. Melatonin inhibition and pinealectomy enhancement of 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in the rat. Cancer Research 41:

Thatcher, W. W., & Tucker, H. A. 1968. Intensive nursing and lactational performance during extended lactation. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and

Thatcher, W. W., & Tucker, H. A. 1970. Lactational performance of rats injected with oxytocin, cortisol-21-acetate, prolactin and growth hormone during prolonged lactation.

interaction and morphological polarity. Journal of Cell Biology 115: 1383-1395. Streuli, C. H., & Bissell, M. J. 1990. Expression of extracellular matrix components is

lactating bovine mammary epithelium. Journal of Endocrinology 159: 173-178. Stevens, R. G. 2006. Artificial lighting in the industrialized world: circadian disruption and

fatty acid composition of milk fat. Journal of Dairy Science 50: 1097-1100.

lactation curve. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Suppl. 1): E204-E211.

milking interval in goats. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 426-432.

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46: 965-974.

regulated by substratum. Journal of Cell Biology 110: 1405-1415.

breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 17: 501-507.

