**6. Grain legumes also act as intercropping and green manure in organic farming**

Intercropping is practiced to meet different ecological goals, such as promoting interaction between species, activating natural regulatory mechanisms, increasing biodiversity, and reducing farmers' risk against climate aberration [27]. The main objective of the legume intercropping system is to produce more yields from the same field and improve the efficiency of natural resources compared to monoculture [28]. Mixing a legume with a non-legume species may have a performance advantage over monoculture. Legumes improve soil function through the symbiosis of the legumerhizobia [29]. The main objective of the legume intercropping system is to produce more yields from the same field and improve the efficiency of natural resources compared to monoculture [28]. Mixing a legume with a non-legume species may have a performance advantage over monoculture. Under favorable environmental conditions, legumes add N to the system, obviously leading to high yields of major crops [30]. Barbosae et al. [31] reported that 25% of the fixed N per cowpea component was transferred to corn. An important goal of intercropping is to ensure higher yields per unit area than monoculture [32]. Compost refers to the inclusion of crumbling fresh plant remnants in soils undergoing biodegradation using the soil microbiota

and contributing to soil organic matter. Legumes are an effective green manure crop because the decomposed plant matter after harvest can improve soil water retention and water retention, reduce soil erosion and increase SOM, and thus improve soil properties. Different benefits can be used to enhance crop yields [33]. Green manure can be classified into two categories according to their manure position, *i.e.* local green manure, and green manure (Onsite and offsite). In the case of local green manure, legumes are planted and added to the soil on the same site, while in the case of green manure; legumes' waste is collected at the nearest location and added to the soil first, plant the next harvest. Besides, legumes have a wide range of properties such as biological nitrogen fixation, short time, against abiotic and biological stress, environmental flexibility, fast, simple off-farm production, etc. Better monitoring of agricultural sustainability is achieved by legumes addition in organic farming [34].
