**10. References**

Andersen, J. H.; Conley, D.J. & Heda, S. (2004). Implementation of the European water framework directive from the Basque country (northern Spain): a methodological approach. *Marine Pollution Bulletin*, 49: 283-290.

Lake's natural environment have resulted in severe deterioration of the water quality in almost all water bodies, except the elevated stretches of the rivers way beyond the immediate human activities, if medium range aero deposition is regarded as negligible.

Apart from the performed investigations and obtained results, one of the major contributions to the conducted analyses was via the method used to separate the natural background of nutrient emissions from the anthropogenic influences that need interventions. In the case of Prespa Lake, humans started to alter the environmental properties in its catchment more than 1000 years ago by intensive forest clearings that have resulted in accelerated phosphorus leaching. This process has become even more intensified in the past 100-150 years through untreated wastewaters inflow into the system and intensive agriculture. The final observed outcomes have been the full turnover of the dominant algae in the plankton towards cyanobacterial 'water blooms' during summer

In order to prevent further deterioration of the water quality in the watershed, substantial efforts have to be made and many water pollution prevention measures implemented. Even if these activities are fully implemented and operational, the timeframe for full recovery of the ecosystem may be prolonged, since the accumulated quantities of harmful substances are in the range of highly elevated levels. Nevertheless, if no measures are initiated and implemented in the area, the overall environmental quality in Prespa Lake watershed will be much more degraded in the near future. This is especially important for the Prespa Lake itself since it has already started to show clear signs of becoming eutrophic throughout the year with even more frequent and toxic cyanobacterial 'blooms'. If the turnover towards fully eutrophic system is completed, the activities to restore and improve its water quality in that situation will be much more difficult or even impossible, thus rendering Prespa Lake

Many colleagues and contributors, as a part of the full team, have added their invaluable research data for achieving the final results. Among them, most important contributions for the purpose of this chapter have been made available by Prof.dr.Ivan Blinkov (GIS), Prof.dr.Ordan Cukaliev (agriculture), Prof.dr.Trajce Stafilov (heavy metals), Dr.Marina Talevska (macrophytes), Dr.Trajce Talevski (fish), Miss Mr. Radmila Bojkovska (priority substances), Mr. Valentina Slavevska (zoobenthos). The research has been conducted under the UNDP funded project "Development of Prespa Lake Watershed Management Plan", RF. 50/2009, Contract No. 31/2009, lead by Mr. Teodor Conevski. The author is fully obliged to

Andersen, J. H.; Conley, D.J. & Heda, S. (2004). Implementation of the European water

approach. *Marine Pollution Bulletin*, 49: 283-290.

framework directive from the Basque country (northern Spain): a methodological

periods which have also proven to be toxic for microcystins.

unsafe and unusable for future generations.

**9. Acknowledgments** 

all contributors.

**10. References** 


**5** 

*Turkey* 

**Intervention of Human Activities on** 

Cüneyt Baykal1, Ayşen Ergin1 and Işkhan Güler2

 *1Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering,* 

**Cases from Turkey** 

*Ocean Engineering Research Center, 2Yüksel Proje International Co. Inc.,* 

**Geomorphological Evolution of Coastal Areas:** 

Coastal engineers, geomorphologists and scientists have been trying to understand and find the answer to one simple and a major question among a wide variety of challenging coastal problems for decades. Where will the shoreline be tomorrow? Or after a severe storm? Or next year? Or in a decade? In other words, how will the coasts of our earth evolve in time? And where do we stand as human being in this highly complex, yet fragile evolution of

Coastal areas are often highly scenic and offer plenty of natural resources. Over 50 percent of the world's population lives within 200 kilometers of coastline (Hinrichsen, 1994; Deichmann, 1996). According to the projections of future population, 75 percent of the world's population, or 6.3 billion people, could reside in coastal areas by 2025 (Hinrichsen, 1996). Increasing population and urbanization at coastal areas, unconscious exploitation of natural resources, incompetent management and education strategies and lack of control mechanisms increase the complexity of problems and severity of measures at coastal areas. One major coastal problem that almost every country with some kilometers of coastline faces and spends millions of dollars to solve the imbalance in coastal sediment budget at coastlines, resulting in severe erosion or accretion problems and loss of income from tourism and other coastal opportunities. Miami Beach, in Florida is a typical example for the above given problem. In the early 1970s, there was severe erosion at Miami Beach, where it was lined with seawalls, and compartmented by long steel groins. The numbers of visitors to Miami Beach and hotel occupancy rates were in decline. As a remedial measure, from 1976 to 1981, the Miami Beach Nourishment Project was undertaken, widening the beach by 100 m over a length of 16 km at a cost of \$64 million USD. The project required in excess of 10 million cubic meters of sand obtained from offshore borrow areas by large hydraulic dredges. (Dean & Dalrymple, 2002). As a result, number of visitors at the beach increased

To control sediment budget at coastal areas, several types of measures are applied. These measures are categorized in two groups as hard measures (jetties, groins, detached

from 8 million in 1978 to 21 million in 1983 (Houston, 1995a).

**1. Introduction** 

coasts?

