**8. References**


This work allowed us to highlight that these types of methods, investigations and data are basic to applied geomorphological studies for the stabilisation and management of slopes and minor or major drainage basins as well as for general land management. Only a high level of knowledge of geomorphological instability - connected to drainage - geologicalgeomorphological and morphostructural features and meteorological events - particularly when joined to geotechnical data - allows for effective stabilisation and management plans. Finally, these types of studies are basic and complementary to recent methods for the investigation and mapping of land sensitivity to geomorphological processes, such as landslides, soil erosion and desertification, etc. (Mitasova *et al*., 1996; Fluegel *et al*., 2003; Grimm *et al.,* 2003; Agnesi *et al.,* 2006; Ciccacci *et al.,* 2006; ISPRA, 2006; Marker *et al.,* 2008; and references therein), and they allow us to define future scenarios - which sustainable land planning and management should be based on - taking into account the specific destination of different areas and contributing to the identification of proper sites for quarrying, dumping and purification plant, etc., or else the proper areas for industries,

urban expansion or supporting in general the process of creating an urban plan.

and aerial photos used for the geomorphological investigations.

Central Italy. Geomorphology, 102, pp. 105-118.

idrografici", G. Rodolfi ed., Brigati, Genova, pp. 125-144.

ed., Brigati, Genova, pp. 13-27.

The authors wish to thank the Servizio Idrografico e Mareografico, Direzione Protezione Civile e Ambiente, Regione Abruzzo (Dr. Monica di Michele) for providing pluviometric data of the events and the historical pluviometric data analysed in this work as well as for their useful discussions and suggestions concerning the data processing. The authors wish also to thank the Struttura Speciale di Supporto Sistema Informativo Regionale of Abruzzo Region (http://www.regione.abruzzo.it/xcartografia/), for providing the topographic data

Agnesi V., Cappadonia C., Conoscenti C., Di Maggio C., Màrker M., Rotigliano E. (2006).

Ascione A., Cinque A., Miccadei E., Villani F. (2008). The Plio-Quaternary uplift of the

Bigi S., Calamita F., Cello G., Centamore E., Deiana G., Paltrinieri W., Ridolfi M. (1996).

Valutazione dell'erosione del suolo nel bacino del Fiume San Leonardo (Sicilia centro-occidentale, Italia). In: Atti del Convegno conclusivo del Progetto di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale "Erosione idrica in ambiente mediterraneo: valutazione diretta e indiretta in aree sperimentali e bacini idrografici", G. Rodolfi

Apennine Chain: new data from the analysis of topography and river valleys in

Evoluzione messiniano-pliocenica del sistema catena-avanfossa dell'area marchigiano-abruzzese esterna. Studi Geol. Camerti. vol. spec., 1995/1, pp. 29-37. Ciccacci S., Del Monte M., Fredi P., Lupia Palmieri E. (2006). Sviluppo di metodi per la

valutazione quantitativa dell'intensità della denudazione e della relativa pericolosità in bacini idrografici italiani. In: Atti del Convegno conclusivo del Progetto di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale "Erosione idrica in ambiente mediterraneo: valutazione diretta e indiretta in aree sperimentali e bacini

**7. Acknowledgements** 

**8. References** 


**4** 

Svetislav S. Krstić

*Macedonia* 

**Environmental Changes in Lakes Catchments** 

Elucidating upon and/or separating the natural processes of eutrophication from the anthropogenically induced ones in a lake's history have proven to be a formidable task. The nature and patterns of the eutrophication processes, their overall impact on the ecosystem and biota, as well as the possible management practices to be introduced to reverse or slow down the accelerated eutrophication have been in focus only very recently mainly due to imposed EU legislation such as the WFD. Another important and also very demanding task that greatly influences management plans, costs and activities is the detection of the reference conditions for every particular water body. Among various suggested approaches, we have concluded that the best way is to reveal the past changes of the lake's environment by conducting paleo-ecological research (the so called *state change approach*) using core sample analyses of as many parameters as possible and relate them to the biota, algae in particular. In that regard, under the comprehensive River Basin Management Plan developed for the Prespa Lake catchment (the part that belongs to Macedonia), the most wide-ranging 12 month surveillance monitoring has been conducted in order to reveal the present ecological situation and the past changes during the last 10 ka period. The results of

The Prespa Lake has been chosen as a part of the complex Prespa-Ohrid-River Crni Drim system which is thought to be more than 3-5 million years old, and as a pilot project as its catchment is relatively small. Nevertheless, obtaining the research objectives was far from simple, since the Prespa region includes two inter-linked lakes, namely the Micro Prespa and Macro Prespa, surrounded by mountainous ecosystems. These two lakes together form the deep points of an inner-mountainous basin that has no natural surface outflow. Drainage is only provided by means of underground links by which water of the Macro Prespa Lake (approximately 845 m asl) drains towards the west to the approximately 150 metres lower Ohrid Lake. On its northern shore, in the town of Struga, the Ohrid Lake has a natural outlet into the Crni Drim River. The Micro Prespa Lake is shared between Greece and Albania, while the Macro Prespa Lake is shared between Albania, the Republic of

**1. Introduction** 

**2. Investigated area** 

these investigations are presented in this chapter.

**as a Trigger for Rapid Eutrophication** 

*Faculty of Natural Sciences, St.Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje,* 

**– A Prespa Lake Case Study** 

Office for Official Publications of the European Communities Luxembourg, Luxemburg, pp. 28.

URL: http://eusoils.jrc.it/ESDB\_Archive/eusoils\_docs/esb\_rr/n11\_ita\_er06.pdf

ISPRA Servizio geologico d'Italia (2011). Cartografia Geologica d'Italia alla scala 1:50.000 (Progetto CARG).

 URL: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Servizi\_per\_l%27Ambiente/Carte\_geolog iche/

ISPRA (2006). La lotta alla desertificazione in Italia: stato dell'arte e linee guida per la redazione di proposte progettuali di azioni locali. Manuali e linee guida - 41/2006. ISBN 88-448-0213-9.

 URL: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/APAT /Pubblicazioni /Manuali\_ e\_linee \_guida/Documento /manuale\_2006\_41.html

