**2. Scope of anthropogenic geomorphology**

'The scope of anthropogenic geomorphology does not only include the study of man-made landforms but also the investigation of man-induced surface changes, the prediction of corollaries of upset natural equilibria as well as the formulation of proposals in order to preclude harmful impacts (Figure 1). The above topics and tasks make anthropogenic geomorphology a discipline of applied character. Its achievements should also serve – in addition to promoting the implementation of socio-economic tasks – environmental protection and nature conservation' (Szabó et al., 2010).

Generally the following fields of anthropogenic geomorphology have been identified:

*Mining*. The processes involved and the resulting landforms are usually called *montanogenic*.

*Industrial* impact is reflected in *industrogenic* landforms.

*Settlement* (urban) expansion exerts a major influence on the landscape over ever increasing areas. The impacts are called *urbanogenic*.

*Traffic* also has rather characteristic impacts on the surface.

As the first civilizations developed highly advanced farming relied on rivers, *water management* (river channelization, drainage) occupies a special position in anthropogenic geomorphology.

resources and potentials, to achieve an environmental management satisfying social

The demand for complex environmental research has grown, since this is the only way to determine the loadibility of nature and the consequence of loading, to maintain the stable equilibrium of landscape, to preserve and develop the quality of life, and to give a long-term prognosis for the purposeful exploitation of environmental resources and potentials. Applying new methods and theories, the geography of today attempts to elaborate concepts and methods primarily novel in attitude to match the complex problems. As most of the problems of environmental management are, by their essence, interconnected by causal relationships, the solutions are justified, to be sought in the framework where the complex interrelationships of the human environment can be revealed in an integrated manner. All these, of course, do not mean to give up the investigation into the individual components of the environment, but these should be coordinated by one or several programmes which guarantee the study of the inner unity and multifarious nature of environmental factors and the detection of their interactions and development trends. The resulting environmental models may provide a uniform framework for basic (theoretical) and practical purpose research. We are convinced that any of the partical factors can only be studied in entirety

and successfully if its relationships are known in the environmental systems.

**2. Scope of anthropogenic geomorphology** 

protection and nature conservation' (Szabó et al., 2010).

*Industrial* impact is reflected in *industrogenic* landforms.

*Traffic* also has rather characteristic impacts on the surface.

areas. The impacts are called *urbanogenic*.

geomorphology.

Researchers reviewing the geomorphological literature of the last 40 years will gain the impression that the perception of Man as a geomorphological agent is a fairly recent development. We deal with anthropogenic geomorphology and we think that in an integrative study of this type, mankind must be regarded directly as a geomorphological agent, for it has increasingly altered the conditions of denudation and aggradation of the Earth's surface.

'The scope of anthropogenic geomorphology does not only include the study of man-made landforms but also the investigation of man-induced surface changes, the prediction of corollaries of upset natural equilibria as well as the formulation of proposals in order to preclude harmful impacts (Figure 1). The above topics and tasks make anthropogenic geomorphology a discipline of applied character. Its achievements should also serve – in addition to promoting the implementation of socio-economic tasks – environmental

Generally the following fields of anthropogenic geomorphology have been identified:

*Mining*. The processes involved and the resulting landforms are usually called *montanogenic*.

*Settlement* (urban) expansion exerts a major influence on the landscape over ever increasing

As the first civilizations developed highly advanced farming relied on rivers, *water management* (river channelization, drainage) occupies a special position in anthropogenic

requirements and opportunities.

*Agriculture* is another social activity causing changes on the surface. *Agrogenic* impacts also include transformation due to forestry.

Although *warfare* is not a productive activity but has long-established surface impacts.

In contrast, the impacts of *tourism and sports* activities are rather new fields of study in anthropogenic geomorphology (Szabó et al., 2010).

(Bennett, M. R. - Doyle, P. 1999 modified by Dávid-Baros, 2006)

Fig. 1. Development and differentiate of Earth Sciences (including Athropogenic geomorphology) and its connection with the environmental problems

**I**ntroduction to Anthropogenic Geomorphology 271

The site selection of quarries is, in addition to the geological conditions, also predominantly influenced by the topography of the area. Quarries are exploited by longwall face mining at mountainous or hilly terrains whereas at flat areas deep mining is applied, however, occasionally intermediate types can also be developed. Exceptionally, closed work is applied, too, as in the case of Fertőrákos (NW-Hungary). As far as quarries with longwall face mining are concerned, it is the topography that undergoes the most visible transitions as in some cases, face walls of several hundred meters in length and some ten meters in height can be resulted, even at more levels depending on the applied techniques of mining

Fig. 2. Sitting of a quarry of several production levels (Ozorai, 1955)

**3.3 Characteristics and classification of the surface features of quarries** 

have an influence on the evolving forms too.

visible changes *(Table 1)*.

In cases when the rock material to be exploited can be found under the ground level on a flat or on a declivate surface, we are constrained to open a quarry sunk under the surface. These types of quarries are sometimes created through the lowering of mine floor of quarries with longwall face quarrying. The occurrence of a very thick upper layer may necessitate the siting of the quarry actualised below the ground surface, thus in such cases exploitation takes place from underground shafts or rooms. Apart from this, the characteristics of the mined (metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary) rocks are of decisive relevance as well as the adherence of the various mine safety regulations. All of them may

As a result of quarrying activity, it is the landscape morphology that undergoes the most

*(Figure 2)*.
