**8. References**

Axiak, V. (1992) Implications of expected climatic changes on the island of Malta: identification and assessment of possible climatic change on marine and freshwater ecosystems. UNEP Report.

regional application of the model needs to represent the properties of the region. However, the coarse resolution of the data used for the FCVAM's application is efficient enough to analyse the vulnerability of these regions and compare them to each other so as to determine regional policies on coastal zone management. On the other hand, the vulnerability scores of individual impacts and the histograms give the most information on the level of vulnerability and the influence of geomorphologic processes of a region. The degree of human intervention on these processes is also presented in the histogram provided in Figure 7. Both the scores and histogram shown in Figure 7 enable policy makers to develop ICZM plans in the long term by creating a framework of possible actions. However, in order to generate efficient histograms, the model needs to be run at a local level with high resolution data or for regions where geomorphology is homogeneous for the study area. Such a case is represented by the study on Goksu, Turkey. The site where geomorphology is dominated by delta formation enables the FCVAM model to analyse relationships between physical and human influence parameters as well as indicating possible adaptation measures for different

One of the recurring themes is the masking of variability of vulnerability along a shoreline as a result of the application of the model to a coarser spatial resolution. The use of aggregated data to define some of the parameters - especially parameters related to geomorphology - can mask higher or lower vulnerability zones, such as was the case with the pocket beaches in Viveiro. In that case, although the variability is lost in terms of geomorphologic processes, the impact vulnerability scores still help to understand the

Finally - as was previously highlighted - geomorphologic processes are both derived and driven by many mechanisms, and a combination of these mechanisms is the goal of efficient ICZM practice. To achieve this objective, the models of different natures and complexities try to overcome many of the problems faced by geomorphology research and ICZM practice. The FCVAM model and case studies presented represents one of these models and tries to achieve the integration of different processes efficiently. In the end, the problems related to many of the concepts above mentioned are what drive many researchers from many disciplines to continue searching. As Malcolm Muggeridge (What I Believe) has put it in words "*IF I COULD UNDERSTAND A GRAIN OF SAND, I SHOULD UNDERSTAND* 

The development of the Fuzzy Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Model is partly supported by research from "Kylarda İklim Değişikliğine Karş Kumlanma Modeli Destekli Krlganlk Analizi Projesi – KIDEKA" (Coastal vulnerability assessment model coupled with sediment transport model) Project supported by the TUBITAK Research Grant No:

Axiak, V. (1992) Implications of expected climatic changes on the island of Malta:

identification and assessment of possible climatic change on marine and freshwater

variability of vulnerability across different types of processes.

impacts.

*EVERYTHING."* 

108M589.

**8. References** 

ecosystems. UNEP Report.

**7. Acknowledgment** 


**Hydro-Geomorphic Classification and** 

*2University of Iowa, Department of Geoscience, Iowa City, Iowa,* 

*3Greenbrier Wetland Services, Advance, Missouri,* 

*USA* 

**Potential Vegetation Mapping for Upper** 

**Mississippi River Bottomland Restoration** 

Charles H. Theiling1, E. Arthur Bettis2 and Mickey E. Heitmeyer3 *1U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, Rock Island, Illinois,* 

Ecosystem restoration that incorporates process and function has become well known among ecosystem restoration practitioners (Society for Ecological Restoration, 2004; Palmer et al., 2005; Kondolf et al., 2006;). It has been recommended for the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS; Figure 1) by expert advisory panels (Lubinski and Barko, 2003; Barko et al., 2006) and in Federal policy (U.S. Water Resources Development Act 2007, Section 8001). Our conceptual model for the UMRS integrates process and function among five Essential Ecosystem Components (EECs; Harwell et al., 1999), with hydrology, geomorphology, and biogeochemistry strongly influencing habitat and biota (Lubinski and Barko, 2003; Jacobsen, in press). The primary ecological driver of large floodplain river landscapes is hydrology (Junk et al., 1989; Poff et al., 1997; Sparks et al., 1998; Whited et al., 2007; Klimas et al., 2009), with discharge and river stage being the most common indicators of system condition and variability. Hydrology and hydraulics are conditioned by the geomorphic setting, or geomorphic landscape, which establishes river stage and floodplain inundation response to variable discharge (Clarke, et al., 2003; Thoms, 2003; Newson, 2006; Stallins, 2006; Thorp et al., 2008). Geomorphology is frequently presented as planform aquatic features (i.e., channel, secondary channel, backwater, floodplain, etc.), the river cross-section, floodplain topography, or soil profiles and maps. Flood inundation patterns are mapped less frequently, but they are strongly influenced by both regional and local hydrology and

The UMRS is an institutional designation that includes the Upper Mississippi River Valley (UMV), the Illinois River Valley (IRV) and small parts of several tributaries (U.S. Water Resources Development Act 1986, Section 1103) which together span about 1,200 miles of 9 foot deep channels (Figure 1; USACE, 2004a). Channel clearing and stabilization under Federal authority began in 1824 and culminated with 37 lock and dam sites and thousands of channel training structures (USACE, 2004a). Chronic and sporadic shoaling requires dredging every year despite construction of low head navigation dams and channel

**1. Introduction** 

geomorphology (Thorp et al., 2008).

regulating structures.

Woodroffe, C.D. (2002) "Coasts: form, process and evolution". Printed in UK, University Press, Cambridge. **7** 
