Preface

Changing lifestyles and living conditions has caused increases in industrial and domestic waste since the industrial revolution. Therefore, human and environmental health is one of the most critical problems humanity faces today. Industrial waste from the textile and leather industry can be studied under four classes: air, water, solid waste pollution, and noise. Textile and leather products are part of our daily life. If they fall into disfavor, textile and leather products will be a domestic waste. Waste management for solving environmental problems is realized by reduction of waste, reuse, material recycling, material and energy recovery, storage without recycling, or disposal by burning.

In this book, the relationship between the textile/leather materials and waste is examined from many viewpoints. The book consists of ten chapters.

The first chapter is about antimicrobial finishing. The objective of this work is to synthesize modified silica by including Ag and C and then adding antimicrobial additives to obtain antimicrobial fabrics. Disused batteries are used as the C source. A waste product that does not originate from the textile industry is evaluated using antimicrobial textile finishing. The authors suggest that the method is applied to the treatment of waste with high metal contents such as batteries, computer waste, slags from the metallurgical industry, etc.

The second chapter is about the waste problem around antimicrobial finishing. Antimicrobial agents ensure hygienic conditions and prevent the spread of diseases, especially in crowded places such as hospitals, baby nurseries, and barracks. On the other hand, antimicrobial finishing has adverse effects such as being toxic, allergycausing, and carcinogenic on the wearer and all the living organisms during the antimicrobial textile product's production and serving life. In the second chapter, the author mainly discusses metal-based antimicrobial finishing and triclosan-based antimicrobial finishing.

The third chapter is about textile waste recycling. The authors present a general evaluation of the management of textile wastes in terms of ensuring sustainability and minimizing environmental impacts.

The fourth chapter is about denim recycling. The authors analyse different recycling technologies and focus on denim fabrics produced with recycled content.

The fifth chapter is about the recycling of textile waste and the use of them as a sound absorber. The authors compare conventional polyester and polypropylene nonwoven insulation materials with the nonwoven fabrics produced from recycled materials.

In the sixth chapter, the authors focus on the potential for reusing natural by-products from different sources such as the dairy industry, agriculture, and leather industry. In this context, they present a case study about the new generation of coated textile solutions that can be used as an alternative to natural and/or synthetic leather.

**II**

**Chapter 8 157**

**Chapter 9 173**

**Chapter 10 185**

Characterization of Grafted Acrylamide onto Pine Magnetite Composite

*by Kgomotso N.G. Mtshatsheni, Bobby E. Naidoo and Augustine E. Ofomaja*

Considerations Regarding the Research for the Conservation of Heritage

Wastewater Treatment Using Imprinted Polymeric Adsorbents

*by Ilieș Dorina Camelia, Herman Grigore Vasile, Caciora Tudor, Ilieș Alexandru, Indrie Liliana, Wendt Jan, Axinte Anamaria, Diombera Mamadou, Lite Cristina, Berdenov Zharas and Albu Adina*

for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Wastewater

*by Burcu Okutucu*

Textiles in Romania

The seventh chapter is about value addition to the leather industry wastes and by-products. The authors focus on the evaluation of the tannery solid wastes and by-products by partial and total denaturation and hydrolyzation.

The eighth chapter is about the characterization of grafted acrylamide onto the pine magnetite composite for the removal of methylene blue from wastewater. The authors concentrate on chemical modification of natural biomass through grafting and use of them as an adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater.

In the ninth chapter, the author summarizes the specific components of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), synthesizing methods, and some examples of treatment of wastewater by MIPs.

The tenth chapter is about human health and historical textiles. The authors focus on determining the degree of conservation of the materials and their implications on the health of the people with whom they come into contact.

Briefly, the relationship between textiles and leather with the waste both as a source of pollution and as a solution is mentioned in this book.

I thank all the authors contributing to the book and hope that it will be helpful to the readers. The preparatory works of this book were made during the COVID-19 period. Therefore, I dedicate this book to healthcare providers fighting COVID-19 around the world.

> **Ayşegül Körlü** Engineering Faculty, Department of Textile Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey

> > **1**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

antimicrobial fabrics.

**1. Introduction**

chemical substances in their preparation.

Antimicrobial Fabrics

*Katerine Igal and Patricia Vázquez*

Impregnated with Ag Particles

A hospital that has a high incidence of acquired infections during the stay of patients in it is not considered efficient, since as Florence Nightingale, an English lady who died in 1910 and founder of the modern school of nursing, said: "the first thing that doesn't a hospital must do is get sick." Filamentous fungi, given their ability to grow on various substrates, are considered within the most damaging organisms. Among the fungi that are generally found in environments inhabited by humans in urban areas, we can mention Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium, among others. With the incorporation of biocides into textiles, different methodologies are being studied depending on the stage they are performed; if it is at the finishing of the fabric, among the most used methods is the pad-dry-cure. The objective of this work was to synthesize modified silica by including Ag and C, where the latter is extracted from disused batteries and then added as antimicrobial additives to obtain

**Keywords:** silica, silver, carbon, antimicrobial additives, antimicrobial fabrics

The concern of human beings related to health care has always existed, and the increase in diseases caused by the enormous population density has forced us to look for effective technological solutions. Materials such as textiles, used for fabric production, can be easily colonized by a high amount of microorganism or can even be deteriorated by them. The microbial colonization on fabrics generates esthetic problems and can also lead to the degradation of the material, leaving it in disuse. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that commonly colonize organic surfaces, such as coatings used in construction materials, paints, or fabrics, and due to the substrate type, they can be metabolized by them. This not only generates problems into the domestic environment, where many objects are built by organic substrates, but also the fungal growth can affect the human health by the production of allergens, irritants and mycotoxins. Therefore, antimicrobial additives need to be not only effective in fungal growth control but also safe and environmentally friendly

In the last decades, different impregnation methods in fabrics [1, 2] and a wide variety of antimicrobial additives such as silver, quaternary ammonium salts [3], polyhexamethylene biguanide [4], triclosan [5], and chitosan [6], N-halamine

Included in Silica Matrices
