**2. Textile and waste**

The word waste is defined as things that people do not need and want to get rid of. Waste according to their physical form can be classified as solid, liquid, and gas. It is also possible to classify waste according to its original uses (packaging waste, textile waste, etc.), according to its materials (glass, metal, fiber, etc.), according to its physical characteristics (recyclable, composite, fuel, fertilization, etc.), according to its origin (domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, etc.), and according to its safety level (dangerous or hazardous) [9]. Household waste and commercial waste are classified together as solid municipal wastes. Excessive and unnecessary consumption in all areas of daily life increases the burden of a clogged-up world [10].

European Union member states have targeted a 50% reduction of municipal waste by 2020 through reuse and recycling [10].

In the textile industry, during the production of textile products, high amounts of solid, liquid, and gas in the form of wastes are produced as well as during the lifetime of textile products by the consumer and after the end of its lifespan [1, 10, 11].

Aged textile processes, which include pre-finishing, dyeing, printing, and finishing processes, usually consist of chemical applications, fixation, washing, and drying steps. In particular dyeing and finishing processes are processes where the

**23**

health.

*The Waste Problem of Antimicrobial Finishing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91863*

with sensitive skin [14].

ful waste management [10].

which can cause environmental complications [1, 11].

highest amount of water is used [1, 11]. In textile production, a very large amount of water, chemicals, dyeing, and auxiliary chemicals are used. Therefore, textile wastewater is contaminated with these substances, has alkaline at high concentrations, is sharply scented, has the need for high biological oxygen (BOD) and for chemical oxygen (COD), and contains highly dissolved solids if it is not properly removed,

Textile products other than disposable products are repeatedly exposed to washing, drying, ironing, and dry cleaning during their lifetime [12]. Wastewater contaminated with detergent, stain remover, and softener in washing baths are toxic to marine creatures [13]. With each washing, the active finishing chemicals applied on the textile product also leave the textile surface and pass on to the washing water subsequently increasing the waste load. Active finishing chemicals can leave the textile surface not only with bathing but also when faced with bodily fluids during use. This condition can cause itching, skin sensitivity, and allergies in people

The average life expectancy of textile products is 2 years, and then they continue to be waste loads by being stored in landfills. The amount of textile waste that has completed its life span is 10.5 million tons per year in the United States, 350,000 tons in the UK, and 287,000 tons in Turkey [10]. In particular, some studies and trends have been initiated to evaluate textile products that have completed their life spans in the United States and Europe. These studies can be summarized as recycling, reuse, energy production, second-hand clothing trends, vintage clothing trends, and slow fashion trends [10, 15]. According to 2009 data, only 15% of the textile products that have completed their life in the United States are utilized through recycling or donation, and the remaining 85% are left to solid waste landfills. However, it is thought that it is possible to utilize up to 95% with success-

The textile industry also produces waste in gas form, causing air pollution. Especially in spinning and weaving processes, a large amount of dust and sublimates are emitted into the operating environment. This condition can cause respira-

From an environmental point of view of the textile industry, energy consumption, gas emissions, solid waste, and odor problems are also important issues, but the main problem is the chemical waste load produced in large quantities of waste-

Toxic or hazardous waste is waste that is dangerous for the environment and human health or has the potential to create harmful effects. Toxic and hazardous waste can occur in the form of solid, liquid, gas, and sludge as a result of various

There are many toxic and dangerous chemicals in textile wastewater caused by

• Chlorinated solvents: chlorinated solvents are used in many processes such as bleaching, scouring, and dyeing in the textile industry. They are known to have allergic, carcinogenic, and toxic properties for human and environmental

• Hydrocarbon solvents-aliphatic hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons of organically structured compounds consisting of aliphatic compounds and carbon and hydrogen elements are aliphatic. They can be straight-chained, branched, or

different production processes [10]. Some of these are as follows [10]:

tory diseases and chronic lung diseases in workers [10].

water and the chemicals in the wastewater [10].

industrial production activities [16].

**2.1 Toxic or hazardous waste in the textile industry**

### *The Waste Problem of Antimicrobial Finishing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91863*

*Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors*

and Italy) [2].

the end of 2022 [9].

**2. Textile and waste**

lifespan [1, 10, 11].

Looking at the global textile market volume in 2015 and beyond, it is observed that it reached \$667.5 billion in 2015. Europe accounted for 54.6% of this volume and the Asia-Pacific region 20.6%. When the 2018 data is examined, the global textile market volume is estimated to be \$858 billion, up to 5% from 2019, and estimated to reach \$1.207 billion by 2025 [1, 2]. It is also estimated that interest in high-tech textile products will continue to increase in the coming years and that the market in this field will continue to grow in Europe (especially Germany, France,

In recent years, consumers' desire to feel comfort, be hygienic, feel good and control odor, and be protected from microorganisms has led to the rapid growth of the market of antimicrobial textiles [1, 3, 4]. The current uses of antimicrobial textiles range from outdoor applications such as tents, tarpaulins, awnings, blinds, parasols, sails, and waterproof clothing to indoor applications such as shower curtains and mattress ticking. They are also used in some consumer textiles such as sportswear, T-shirts, and socks and also in medical purpose such as masks, surgical clothing, wound dresses, and bandages [5]. Global antimicrobial textile market volume in 2019 reached \$9468 million. And it is estimated to reach \$12,313 million in 2024 [6]. According to the 2015 data, the market volume of global finishing chemicals is 1.14 million tons, and there is an increase of 6.1% each year by 2025. A significant portion of this amount consists of antimicrobial finishing agents [7]. The volume of the global wet wipe and wet napkin market is thought to have the potential to increase by \$5.75 billion between 2020 and 2024 [8]. And by 2016, the volume of diapers will be \$46.50 billion and is estimated to reach \$67.46 billion by

By 2025, the world's population is estimated to be 8.2 billion. Growing world populations, rising living standards, and fast fashion trends are causing the global textile industry to grow day-by-day. This also means large amounts of raw materials and resource usage, ultimately producing pollution and a high rate of waste [1, 10]. In this section, the issue of antimicrobial textile production (especially metal-

The word waste is defined as things that people do not need and want to get rid of. Waste according to their physical form can be classified as solid, liquid, and gas. It is also possible to classify waste according to its original uses (packaging waste, textile waste, etc.), according to its materials (glass, metal, fiber, etc.), according to its physical characteristics (recyclable, composite, fuel, fertilization, etc.), according to its origin (domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, etc.), and according to its safety level (dangerous or hazardous) [9]. Household waste and commercial waste are classified together as solid municipal wastes. Excessive and unnecessary consumption in all areas of daily life increases the burden of a clogged-up world [10]. European Union member states have targeted a 50% reduction of municipal

In the textile industry, during the production of textile products, high amounts of solid, liquid, and gas in the form of wastes are produced as well as during the lifetime of textile products by the consumer and after the end of its

Aged textile processes, which include pre-finishing, dyeing, printing, and finishing processes, usually consist of chemical applications, fixation, washing, and drying steps. In particular dyeing and finishing processes are processes where the

based antimicrobial textile production, triclosan-based antimicrobial textile

production) and subsequent product life spans are investigated.

waste by 2020 through reuse and recycling [10].

**22**

highest amount of water is used [1, 11]. In textile production, a very large amount of water, chemicals, dyeing, and auxiliary chemicals are used. Therefore, textile wastewater is contaminated with these substances, has alkaline at high concentrations, is sharply scented, has the need for high biological oxygen (BOD) and for chemical oxygen (COD), and contains highly dissolved solids if it is not properly removed, which can cause environmental complications [1, 11].

Textile products other than disposable products are repeatedly exposed to washing, drying, ironing, and dry cleaning during their lifetime [12]. Wastewater contaminated with detergent, stain remover, and softener in washing baths are toxic to marine creatures [13]. With each washing, the active finishing chemicals applied on the textile product also leave the textile surface and pass on to the washing water subsequently increasing the waste load. Active finishing chemicals can leave the textile surface not only with bathing but also when faced with bodily fluids during use. This condition can cause itching, skin sensitivity, and allergies in people with sensitive skin [14].

The average life expectancy of textile products is 2 years, and then they continue to be waste loads by being stored in landfills. The amount of textile waste that has completed its life span is 10.5 million tons per year in the United States, 350,000 tons in the UK, and 287,000 tons in Turkey [10]. In particular, some studies and trends have been initiated to evaluate textile products that have completed their life spans in the United States and Europe. These studies can be summarized as recycling, reuse, energy production, second-hand clothing trends, vintage clothing trends, and slow fashion trends [10, 15]. According to 2009 data, only 15% of the textile products that have completed their life in the United States are utilized through recycling or donation, and the remaining 85% are left to solid waste landfills. However, it is thought that it is possible to utilize up to 95% with successful waste management [10].

The textile industry also produces waste in gas form, causing air pollution. Especially in spinning and weaving processes, a large amount of dust and sublimates are emitted into the operating environment. This condition can cause respiratory diseases and chronic lung diseases in workers [10].

From an environmental point of view of the textile industry, energy consumption, gas emissions, solid waste, and odor problems are also important issues, but the main problem is the chemical waste load produced in large quantities of wastewater and the chemicals in the wastewater [10].
