*2.2.1 Wooden church "Saint Martyrs Constantin Brancoveanu and his sons"*

Following the microclimate measurements carried out in two periods, March-April (2016) and October-December (2018) respectively, a fluctuating evolution of the main parameters was found. Between March and April 2016, the average temperature inside was 25.8°C, with an average relative humidity of 38% [7]; none of these indicators are complying with the rules in force. The situation is improving, and the values approach the ideal parameters (according to the GD no. 1546/18.12.2003, see [52]), at the level of 2018, when between October and December, the temperature has an average value of 21.1°C, and the relative humidity of 44.3% [46]. Oscillating quantities have also been recorded in terms of carbon dioxide. During the religious services it exceeds in multiple times the value of 2000 ppm, so that during the periods without human activity it is constantly maintained between 400 and 500 ppm.

Following analyses with X-ray fluorescent spectrometry, it was determined that these oscillations are responsible for modifying several properties of the pigments that make up the paintings, eventually leading to their degradation [35].

In order to establish the damaged areas of the paintings on the canvas, the mapping of the areas in which they were degraded by temperature, humidity and rainwater infiltrated in the painted canvas was performed. Also in this sense, the distribution and influence of heat and light on the painted canvas were analyzed (**Figure 5**), at different times of the day and in different seasons [47].

Regarding the contamination with bacteriological microflora and fungi, following the laboratory analyses and sampling of results, 47 colonies of bacteria and 31 of fungi colonies were identified in the air [45]. Fungi belong to a number of 18 species, the most common being *Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Absidia sp., Penicillium sp.*, as well as *Rhodotorula* and *Candida*; and four types of bacteria were identified (*Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus,* and *Actinomyces*) [44]. The large number of microorganisms identified in the air inside the wooden church can represent a potential danger to the health of the parishioners, but at the same time they can colonize the textile materials [47]. The organic components that characterize

**193**

*Considerations Regarding the Research for the Conservation of Heritage Textiles in Romania*

the paintings on canvas [35] represent a nutritional source for a wide range of microorganisms [45], proving the large number of identified colonies. The samples collected from the paintings on canvas revealed the presence of no less than seven fungi and one type of bacteria [45, 47]. The integrated action of these microbes, both from the air and from the surfaces, can, in time, lead to the decomposition of

*degraded areas at the canvas level; (3). Distribution of natural light at the canvas level.*

*Distribution of temperature, luminosity and degraded areas on the painting on canvas "Virgin Mary with the Baby Jesus" (after Oana et al., see [42]): (1). Temperature distribution at the canvas level; (2). Distribution of* 

The measurements made between 03.06.2018–2102.07.2018 in the Museum House in Sălacea Village indicated that the values of temperature, humidity and brightness comply, with small exceptions, the norms set in GD no. 1546/18.12.2003 [2]. Only the temperature recorded an average value higher by 1.3°C than the optimal one (22°C); while humidity, with an average of 65%, is at the upper limit of the ideal. The brightness, having values between 10 and 20 luces, does not influence textiles in any way. However, these environmental conditions cause the development of microorganisms, which attack the tissues and endanger the health of the visitors. A number of 73 colonies were identified in the center of the main room, 63 colonies in the corners and 39 in the ceiling [2]. Due to the fact that the museum is visited only periodically by tourists, the number of fungal species was obviously smaller than in the wooden church, only three being observed (*Alternaria, Geotrichum* and *Cladosporium*) [48]. However, the action of the bacteriological microflora present inside can cause degradation of textile fibers, as well as health problems (allergies) in humans [6].

According to the order No. 235/05.07.1996, supplemented by the Daily Provision of the General Director of the National Archives No. 92/14.05.2009 [57], for the optimum preservation of the documents (including those of textile materials) the microclimate of the interior should be kept between 15 and 25°C regarding the average air temperature, between 40 and 65% the average relative humidity and below 0.3 m/s the speed of air currents [49]. Excluding the relative humidity, which registered a value with 2% (38%) lower than the limit, the other elements are included in these norms (average air temperature of 23.3°C; air currents speed of 0 m/s). The amount of CO2 recorded an average of 570 ppm, a value considered to

Aeromicroflora was determined to be composed of fungi species: *Alternaria,* 

*Botrytis, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis* and various subspecies of

textile materials, damage that is practically irreversible.

*2.2.3 National Archives of Romania: Bihor County Service*

be within normal parameters [58].

*2.2.2 Sălacea Museum House*

**Figure 5.**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91393*

*Considerations Regarding the Research for the Conservation of Heritage Textiles in Romania DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91393*

#### **Figure 5.**

*Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors*

considered.

**2.2 Results obtained**

maintained between 400 and 500 ppm.

National Archives of Romania—Bihor County Service. Namely scanning electron microscope (SEM); a technique often used in studies targeting textiles, but with a high efficiency in determining their degree of conservation. The use of SEM aimed to identify morphological aspects and irregularities of the fibers that make up the

For centuries, the purpose of textiles has been to serve man. Offering protection against the glazes of nature through clothing and material or building houses (tents of nomadic populations), means of purchasing food (fishing nets and various traps), mobility in the territory (sails of ships), and many other practical uses. This has not changed until today, fabrics still occupying a central place in the everyday life of modern society. The relationship of interdependence created along the time between man and textile makes it impossible to analyze the latter separately from the creative element. Therefore, in the accomplishment of the three case studies, the influence of the internal microclimate on the conservation of textiles, as well as their integrated action (internal microclimate + textiles) on human health, was

Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that all the interventions for determining and monitoring the degree of conservation of textiles have been chosen so that they are non-invasive for materials; ensuring that they are kept in the best conditions.

Following the microclimate measurements carried out in two periods, March-April (2016) and October-December (2018) respectively, a fluctuating evolution of the main parameters was found. Between March and April 2016, the average temperature inside was 25.8°C, with an average relative humidity of 38% [7]; none of these indicators are complying with the rules in force. The situation is improving, and the values approach the ideal parameters (according to the GD no. 1546/18.12.2003, see [52]), at the level of 2018, when between October and December, the temperature has an average value of 21.1°C, and the relative humidity of 44.3% [46]. Oscillating quantities have also been recorded in terms of carbon dioxide. During the religious services it exceeds in multiple times the value of 2000 ppm, so that during the periods without human activity it is constantly

Following analyses with X-ray fluorescent spectrometry, it was determined that these oscillations are responsible for modifying several properties of the pigments

In order to establish the damaged areas of the paintings on the canvas, the mapping of the areas in which they were degraded by temperature, humidity and rainwater infiltrated in the painted canvas was performed. Also in this sense, the distribution and influence of heat and light on the painted canvas were analyzed

Regarding the contamination with bacteriological microflora and fungi, following the laboratory analyses and sampling of results, 47 colonies of bacteria and 31 of fungi colonies were identified in the air [45]. Fungi belong to a number of 18 species, the most common being *Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Absidia sp., Penicillium sp.*, as well as *Rhodotorula* and *Candida*; and four types of bacteria were identified (*Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus,* and *Actinomyces*) [44]. The large number of microorganisms identified in the air inside the wooden church can represent a potential danger to the health of the parishioners, but at the same time they can colonize the textile materials [47]. The organic components that characterize

that make up the paintings, eventually leading to their degradation [35].

(**Figure 5**), at different times of the day and in different seasons [47].

*2.2.1 Wooden church "Saint Martyrs Constantin Brancoveanu and his sons"*

fabrics, as well as the presence of microorganisms and dust [47].

**192**

*Distribution of temperature, luminosity and degraded areas on the painting on canvas "Virgin Mary with the Baby Jesus" (after Oana et al., see [42]): (1). Temperature distribution at the canvas level; (2). Distribution of degraded areas at the canvas level; (3). Distribution of natural light at the canvas level.*

the paintings on canvas [35] represent a nutritional source for a wide range of microorganisms [45], proving the large number of identified colonies. The samples collected from the paintings on canvas revealed the presence of no less than seven fungi and one type of bacteria [45, 47]. The integrated action of these microbes, both from the air and from the surfaces, can, in time, lead to the decomposition of textile materials, damage that is practically irreversible.

#### *2.2.2 Sălacea Museum House*

The measurements made between 03.06.2018–2102.07.2018 in the Museum House in Sălacea Village indicated that the values of temperature, humidity and brightness comply, with small exceptions, the norms set in GD no. 1546/18.12.2003 [2]. Only the temperature recorded an average value higher by 1.3°C than the optimal one (22°C); while humidity, with an average of 65%, is at the upper limit of the ideal. The brightness, having values between 10 and 20 luces, does not influence textiles in any way.

However, these environmental conditions cause the development of microorganisms, which attack the tissues and endanger the health of the visitors. A number of 73 colonies were identified in the center of the main room, 63 colonies in the corners and 39 in the ceiling [2]. Due to the fact that the museum is visited only periodically by tourists, the number of fungal species was obviously smaller than in the wooden church, only three being observed (*Alternaria, Geotrichum* and *Cladosporium*) [48]. However, the action of the bacteriological microflora present inside can cause degradation of textile fibers, as well as health problems (allergies) in humans [6].
