**2.1 Toxic or hazardous waste in the textile industry**

Toxic or hazardous waste is waste that is dangerous for the environment and human health or has the potential to create harmful effects. Toxic and hazardous waste can occur in the form of solid, liquid, gas, and sludge as a result of various industrial production activities [16].

There are many toxic and dangerous chemicals in textile wastewater caused by different production processes [10]. Some of these are as follows [10]:


ringed and are divided into two: saturated and unsaturated. They are flammable and have sultry properties. They are known to cause nervous system diseases and cancer.

