**3. Textile antimicrobial treatments**

Antimicrobial finishing applied to textile material should be effective against microorganisms as well as meet a number of requirements including the fact that antimicrobial finishing is suitable for the textile process; is resistant to washing, dry cleaning, and hot press; and is not harmful to the environment [17].

**25**

*The Waste Problem of Antimicrobial Finishing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91863*

**3.1 Controlled release**

ment [25–27].

**3.2 The regeneration principle**

storage is not unlimited [25, 27, 28].

**3.3 Blocking or the blocking effect**

Different antimicrobial methods of finishing may be preferred depending on the genus, structure, surface characteristics, and usage area of textile material.

Antimicrobial finishing can be carried out during the phase of finishing procedures, as well as the application of antimicrobial agents into the polymeric matrix during the production phase of synthetic fiber. The activity against microorganisms occurs through contact and/or diffusion. There are no antimicrobial agent disperses in activity through contact and show impact on the microorganism at the time of contact. In the event of diffusion, the antimicrobial agent reaches the outer environment away from the fiber surface, or polymer matrix, and shows activity on the microorganism [17–21]. A living germ, bacteria, or fungal has a cell wall of polysaccharides on the outermost surfaces. This structure ensures their integrity and protects them against the external environment. There is a semipermeable cell membrane on the cell wall. The cell wall and membrane stores, protects, and performs the cell's vital organelles, enzymes, genetic information, and transport. The type of activity of the antimicrobial agent against the microorganism is the main factor in its classification. If the antimicrobial agent only prevents the growth of the microorganism, it is called a biostatic effect; if it kills microorganisms, it is called biocidal effect [22–24]. Antimicrobial finishing processes have three different mechanisms [25]:

Most antimicrobial substances operate with a controlled oscillation mechanism. In this mechanism, the antimicrobial substance, which has already been applied to the textile material, is released at a certain speed in a controlled manner during use. This type of antimicrobial substance, which is removed when the textile material is washed, is very effective against microbes on or around the fiber surface. However, since it is constantly released during use, the amount of the textile material is gradually depleted at the end of the antimicrobial substance, and therefore the exhaustion process is depleted. On the other hand, the environmentally released antimicrobial substances are toxic to beneficial microorganisms and other creatures [24–26]. In recent years, studies have increased the use of silica carriers such as zeolite and microencapsulation technology for controlled oscillation in order to increase the strength of antimicrobial process or effect and cause less damage to the environ-

The renewal model was formulated by Gagliardi in 1962. This model, described in Gagliardi's article, is based on the application of a chemical finishing process product to fabrics that produce active germ killer (antiseptic) substances that are constantly renewed by adding bleaching substances during washing or exposure to ultraviolet light. This regeneration occurs when the covalent bonds in the chemically modified fiber are severed as a result of washing or photochemical effects, so that the model has an unlimited antimicrobial repository [27]. Although the regeneration technique has not yet been implemented, the microencapsulation technique is close to performing the function of this model. However, although the surface is suitable for a long period of time, microencapsulated antimicrobial substance

The blocking or blocking mechanism for the protection of fabrics from microorganisms can be divided into two: (a) inert (ineffective) physical obstacle

#### *The Waste Problem of Antimicrobial Finishing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91863*

*Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors*

diseases and cancer.

the long run.

effect on toxicity sites:

numerous product groups.

**3. Textile antimicrobial treatments**

selenium and are toxic and dangerous.

ringed and are divided into two: saturated and unsaturated. They are flammable and have sultry properties. They are known to cause nervous system

• Hydrocarbon solvents-aromatic hydrocarbons: it is very difficult to purify textile wastewater from aromatic hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons are not easily dissolved in water. Most aromatic hydrocarbons stick to solid particles, settling in lake and riverbeds and blending into groundwater. These

• Oxygenated solvents (alcohols/glycollics/ethers/esters/ketones/aldehydes): oxygenated solvents are solvents with a high solvent feature containing an oxygen molecule. These solvents (methanol, ethanol, propane, ethylene glycol, etc.) are widely used in textile processes. They are harmful to both human health and all flora and fauna. Exposure to high amounts of these compounds can lead to sudden deaths. Prolonged exposure can cause blindness, irregular heartbeat, and damage to the kidney and lungs. Some of these compounds are in the carcinogenic category for humans. Glycol ethers can cause developmental impairment in the fetus and infertility in men. Regular exposure to these solvents can cause memory and hearing loss, depression, headache, coordination disorders, and skin disorders. Exposure to the vapors of these solvents can

• Grease and oil contaminated waste: grease can be animal-based, oil-based, and synthetic-based. Wastewater contaminated with grease is toxic to marine life in

• Used oils: some of the oils used in textile processes are carcinogenic to human

• Dye materials and pigments containing harmful substances: the presence of dye substances and treatment of textile wastewater are serious problems because most dye materials are stable and are not easy to parse with traditional treatment methods. The chemical structures and contents of the dyes have an

• Organohalogens: pigments can contain fluorocarbon, chlorocarbon, bromocarbon, or iodo-carbon bond and contains toxic elements such as lead, cadmium, mercury, valve, chromium, cobalt, nickel, arsenic, etymon, and

• Organic compounds (such as benzyte, methane, paraffin) are made up of carbon and hydrogen elements; they are found in coal, crude oil, natural gas, and vegetables. Hydrocarbons, pesticides, dyes, and plastics are the cornerstone of

Antimicrobial finishing applied to textile material should be effective against microorganisms as well as meet a number of requirements including the fact that antimicrobial finishing is suitable for the textile process; is resistant to washing, dry

cleaning, and hot press; and is not harmful to the environment [17].

health if they are in physical contact with humans or digested.

compounds are known to cause cancer in the long term.

cause ailments such as asthma or shortness of breath.

**24**

Different antimicrobial methods of finishing may be preferred depending on the genus, structure, surface characteristics, and usage area of textile material. Antimicrobial finishing can be carried out during the phase of finishing procedures, as well as the application of antimicrobial agents into the polymeric matrix during the production phase of synthetic fiber. The activity against microorganisms occurs through contact and/or diffusion. There are no antimicrobial agent disperses in activity through contact and show impact on the microorganism at the time of contact. In the event of diffusion, the antimicrobial agent reaches the outer environment away from the fiber surface, or polymer matrix, and shows activity on the microorganism [17–21].

A living germ, bacteria, or fungal has a cell wall of polysaccharides on the outermost surfaces. This structure ensures their integrity and protects them against the external environment. There is a semipermeable cell membrane on the cell wall. The cell wall and membrane stores, protects, and performs the cell's vital organelles, enzymes, genetic information, and transport. The type of activity of the antimicrobial agent against the microorganism is the main factor in its classification. If the antimicrobial agent only prevents the growth of the microorganism, it is called a biostatic effect; if it kills microorganisms, it is called biocidal effect [22–24].

Antimicrobial finishing processes have three different mechanisms [25]:

### **3.1 Controlled release**

Most antimicrobial substances operate with a controlled oscillation mechanism. In this mechanism, the antimicrobial substance, which has already been applied to the textile material, is released at a certain speed in a controlled manner during use. This type of antimicrobial substance, which is removed when the textile material is washed, is very effective against microbes on or around the fiber surface. However, since it is constantly released during use, the amount of the textile material is gradually depleted at the end of the antimicrobial substance, and therefore the exhaustion process is depleted. On the other hand, the environmentally released antimicrobial substances are toxic to beneficial microorganisms and other creatures [24–26].

In recent years, studies have increased the use of silica carriers such as zeolite and microencapsulation technology for controlled oscillation in order to increase the strength of antimicrobial process or effect and cause less damage to the environment [25–27].

### **3.2 The regeneration principle**

The renewal model was formulated by Gagliardi in 1962. This model, described in Gagliardi's article, is based on the application of a chemical finishing process product to fabrics that produce active germ killer (antiseptic) substances that are constantly renewed by adding bleaching substances during washing or exposure to ultraviolet light. This regeneration occurs when the covalent bonds in the chemically modified fiber are severed as a result of washing or photochemical effects, so that the model has an unlimited antimicrobial repository [27]. Although the regeneration technique has not yet been implemented, the microencapsulation technique is close to performing the function of this model. However, although the surface is suitable for a long period of time, microencapsulated antimicrobial substance storage is not unlimited [25, 27, 28].

#### **3.3 Blocking or the blocking effect**

The blocking or blocking mechanism for the protection of fabrics from microorganisms can be divided into two: (a) inert (ineffective) physical obstacle layers or coatings that are simply resistant to the passage of microorganisms into fabric or (b) layers or coatings with direct surface contact effect against microbial proliferation [27].

Fire, water, weather, and mildew resistant (FWWMR) end process is an example of obstacle coating. In this process, fabrics are coated with a mixture of organic and anorganic compounds containing fungicide. The blocking or blocking mechanism has been used to protect fabrics from mold yeast and decaying fungi with resin applications or chemical modification of cellulose with cyanoetylation or acetylation. When the finishing process containing flame-retardent agents and resins forms of finishing agent with covalent bonds, they are the most effective products against mold [27].

The product of the only antibacterial finishing process based directly on the concept of surface contact attachment obstruction is an organosilicon polymer containing hanging quaternary ammonium groups that form a biobarrier in the fabric [27].

Most of the antimicrobial agents used to manufacture commercial textiles have biocidal effects, but they show activity on microorganism in different ways [17]:

