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**Chapter 6**

**Abstract**

growth and increased crop yield.

microorganisms

**1. Introduction**

Biological Efficacy of *Trichoderma*

*Francisco Daniel Hernández-Castillo, Francisco Castillo-Reyes,* 

This chapter will cover topics about the microbial antagonists *Trichoderma* spp. and *Bacillus* spp. from the perspective of use as potential biological control agents on plant diseases. Results obtained in the laboratory about from their isolation, microbial strain collections for both genera, taxonomic identification, antifungal activity in in vitro tests, obtained evaluation of the antifungal effect of secondary metabolites from microbial antagonists will be shown. Besides, results obtained from bioassays in the greenhouse and field are used as biopesticides in the control of diseases in fruit trees and vegetables and their effects on the promotion of plant

**Keywords:** inhibition, disease, plant pathogen, incidence, severity, antagonist

The agricultural production systems are generally based on technological dependence of high-yield varieties and the use of agrochemicals, causing an imbalance in different agroecosystems. The crops had turned to be susceptible to plague organisms to which before they were not and have proliferated because their natural enemies have eliminated the selection pressure has been favored by the monoculture or by the excessive use of plaguicides, what has conducted to the rupture of

Those, as mentioned above, do rethink the actual technological management of the crops, researching less aggressive options with low or without environmental impact. This focus allows the searching of microbial alternatives as biological control agents of diseases, as a viable option to reduce their impact, enhancing the yield and quality of the agricultural products. The economic production losses caused by pests and diseases worldwide are estimated to be 36.5% on average, where 14.1% is caused by diseases, 10.2% by insects, and 12.2% by weeds, without considering the 6–12% of agricultural products postharvest losses. Although it estimated that in developing countries, these could reach up to 50% of production losses, considering only the disease, it estimates that annual losses worldwide can reach about 220 billion dollars. Overall, the diseases from plants can destroy crops before and after harvest or yield partial losses and cause loss of quality in the products harvested.

resistance of host and resistance toward the pesticides.

*Marco Antonio Tucuch-Pérez and Roberto Arredondo-Valdes*

spp. and *Bacillus* spp. in the

Management of Plant Diseases
