*3.2.3 Characteristics of soil and land*

Many research studies conducted on technology adoption in agriculture prove that soil characteristics have a certain effect on the yield [37]. The study by Rahm and Huffman indicates that reduced tillage practices, which are used to measure adoption, influence the yield positively on the soils having poor characteristics [37]. Even, they expect to be dependent of per acre profitability on soil characteristics [10] because technologies decrease problems, which can stem from climatic conditions and natural events, by providing necessary conditions as required by the soil [37]. Larger and unfavorable fields for agriculture have more tendency to be equipped with modern technologies [10]. The probability of adoption changes depending on the soil characteristics and hence adoption shows the differences among farms [37]. Rahm and Huffman and Isham indicate that the probability of adoption under better soil conditions is higher [37, 59]. The benefits of reducing unfavorable conditions and improving soil characteristics provided by adoption affect the crop production value, input expenditures, productivity and sustainability significantly [36]. However, in this sense, the type of technology also causes differences in adoption. For instance, the study of Husen et al., examining the adoption of soil and water conservation practices (SWCs) and productivity-enhancing technologies (PETs), indicates that although land slope affects the adoption of SWC positively, it has a negative effect on the adoption of PET [60]. The adoption differences in terms of soil fertility, parcel distance and agricultural extension had also been observed in this study.
