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**1. Introduction**

A significant increase in our energy consumption, from 495 quadrillion Btu in 2007 to 739 quadrillion Btu in 2035 with about 1.4% annual increase, is predicted (US Energy Information Administraion, 2010). This increase is to be met in environmentally friendly means in order to protect our planet. Despite the renewable energy sources are identified to be the fastest growing in the near future, they are expected to meet only one third or less of this energy demand. Also, the renewable generation methods face significant barriers such as economical risks, high capital costs, cost for infrastructure development, low energy conversion efficiency, and low acceptance level from public (US Energy Information Administraion, 2010) at this time. It is likely that improvements will be made on all of these factors in due course. The role of nuclear technology in the energy market will vary from time to time for many cultural and political reasons, and the perceptions of the general public. In the current climate, however, it is clear that the fossil fuels will remain as the dominant source to meet the demand in energy consumption. Hence, optimised design of combustion and power generating systems for

**Modelling of Turbulent Premixed and**

V. K. Veera1, M. Masood1, S. Ruan1, N. Swaminathan1 and H. Kolla2

**Partially Premixed Combustion\*** 

*2Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA* 

*1UK 2USA* 

**7**

*1Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge* 

The emissions of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons are known sources of atmospheric pollution from combustion. Their detrimental effects on environment and human health is well known (Sawyer, 2009) and green house gases such as oxides of carbon and some hydrocarbons are also included as pollutants in recent years. The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil, liquid and solid, fuel combustion accounts for nearly 76% of the total emissions from fossil fuel burning and cement production in 2007 (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 2007). The global mean CO2 level in the atmosphere increases each year by about 0.5% suggesting a global mean level of about 420 ppm by 2025 (Anastasi et al., 1990; US Department of Commerce, 2011) Such a forecasted increase has led to stringent emission regulations for combustion systems compelling us to find avenues to improve the environmental friendliness of these systems. Lean premixed combustion is known (Heywood, 1976) to have potentials for effective reduction in emissions and to increase efficiency simultaneously. Significant technological advances are yet to be made for developing fuel lean combustion systems operating over wide range of conditions with

\*Draft February 27, 2012, Book Chapter for Fluid Dynamics / Book 1, Ed. Dr. Hyoung Woo Oh

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungju National University, Chungju, Korea

improved efficiency and emissions performance are crucial.


URL: *http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(03)00017-8*

	- URL: *http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1722355*
