**4.2 Emissions from MSW**

*Biotechnological Applications of Biomass*

**4.1 MSW composition and public willingness**

be used in a waste-to-energy plant to produce electricity.

**4. Results and analysis**

in Section 3.

segregation.

The next section describes the results and analysis made from the data collected

Considering the different aspects of the results and analysis, this section is divided into different subsections. The first subsection describes the results and analysis of the MSW composition and the public participation in the MSW

As noted in Section 3, a total of 175 samples were collected from the residential houses. These samples were used to determine the MSW generation per capita. The results show that the mean weight of the MSW samples was 1.3 ± 0.28 kg/per capita. Currently, as of May 2020, the total Oman population stands at 4,613,726, which can be translated into a total of 5998 tons MSW generation per day in Oman [60]. Similarly, the whole samples collected from the residential houses, restaurants, shopping markets, and hotels were used to determine the MSW composition in Oman. This composition is reported in **Figure 6**. Overall, the composition of the MSW represents a good percentage of waste that can be combustible and suitable to

During the MSW sample collection process, the inhabitants were asked about their cooperation and participation in the waste segregation activities. The willingness of the residents was considered important as this may be helpful to transfer only the MSW that is suitable to be used in the waste-to-energy plant. In other words, when the residents will segregate the waste at their own, the process at the waste-to-energy plant will become more straightforward as it will receive only the waste which could be used in the plant. A total of 34, consisting of 67.64% male and 32.35% female face-to-face interviews were conducted during this stage. All the participants appraised the idea of using MSW for electricity generation. A large number of the interviewees (70.58%) agreed that they are willing to participate in the segregation of the MSW at their doorsteps. The remaining participants did not answer as no but they were somehow not sure how they can do such segregation.

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**Figure 6.**

*Composition of MSW in Oman.*

To calculate the emissions from MSW using Eq. (1), DOC for different waste materials was obtained from the IPCC and the Atmospheric Brown Clouds Emission Inventory Manual (ABC EIM). Based on these two documents, the DOC paper = 0.25, DOC food = 0.4, DOC textile = 0.25, and the DOC rubber = 0.39 were considered. The average DOC value was calculated based on the above values and waste fraction as shown in **Figure 6**. The final DOC value used in the calculation, therefore, stands at 0.2455. The total MSW waste considered in this calculation was equal to 2,159,219 tons per year or 2159 Gg per year. This MSW produces a total of 163,060 Gg/year CH4 which is equal to 3,424,247 tons/year CO2 equivalent. This can be translated into the emissions produced 1 ton, which can be equal to 1.58 ton per year CO2 equivalent per ton of MSW.

The next section describes the electricity consumption, production, and emissions produced by such consumption and production.
