**2.1 Antimicrobial properties**

*Biotechnological Applications of Biomass*

Cyclosporin A *Tolypocladium inflatum*

Cyclosporin A *Tolypocladium inflatum*

Cyclosporin A *Tolypocladium inflatum*

Cyclosporin A *Tolypocladium inflatum*

Halotolerant chitinase *Citrobacter freundii* str. nov.

Halotolerant Chitinase *Citrobacter freundii* str. nov*.* 

Fibrynolytic enzyme *Bacillus amyloliquefaciens*

Fibrinolytic enzyme *Pseudoalteromonas* sp.

Fibrinolytic enzyme *Mucor subtillissimus* UCP

Short chain fatty acids *Aspergillus kawachii* KCCM

Putative phytoestrogen *Aspergillus fumigatus* F-993

Andrastin A and C *Penicillium expansum*

**Name of the substance Microorganism Agricultural waste Reference**

Hydrolysed wheat bran flour and coconut oil cake

Wheat bran flour and coconut oil cake

Wheat bran with fish

Chickpeas [52]

Sun-dried cow dung [62]

Wheat bran [65]

Defatted soybean [69]

Malt extract agar [70]

Silkworm larvae powder

Wheat bran with shrimp shellfish

waste

scale

cow dung

Wheat bran [46]

Wheat bran [47]

[44]

[45]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[60]

[68]

MTCC 557

MTCC 557

ATCC 34921

Tacrolimus *Streptomyces hygroscopicus* Various agricultural

*haritD11*

*haritD11*

LSSE-62

Fibrinolytic enzyme *Bacillus cereus* IND5 Cuttle fish waste and

IND11

1262

32819

Fibrinolytic enzyme *Paenibacillus* sp. IND8 Wheat bran [61]

Fibrinolytic enzyme *Xanthomonas oryzae* IND3 Cow dung [63] Fibrinolytic enzyme *Bacillus firmus* NA-1 Soybean grits [64]

Fibrinolytic enzyme *Fusarium oxysporum* Rice chaff [66] Fibrinolytic enzyme *Fusarium oxysporum* Rice chaff [67] **Anticancer agents**

or *A. awamori* FB-133

KACC 40815

*Examples of substances produced by solid state fermentation that could be used in healthcare.*

DRCC 106 (mutated srain)

Cyclosporin A *Tolypocladium* sp. Wheat bran [48]

Fibrinolytic enzyme *Bacillus* sp. IND6 Wheat bran [53] Fibrinolytic enzyme *Bacillus sp.* IND12 Cow dung [54] Nattokinase *Bacillus subtilis* natto Soybean [55] Fibrinolytic enzyme *Bacillus subtilis* XZI125 Soybean meal [56] Fibrinolytic enzyme *Bacillus subtilis* WR350 Corn steep [57] Fibrinolytic enzyme *Bacillus halodurans* IND18 Wheat bran [58] Fibrinolytic enzyme *Bacillus cereus* GD55 Apple pomace [59]

**Anticoagulant agents**

**334**

**Table 1.**

In the majority of cited studies (**Table 1**) authors did not verify which particular compound contributed to antimicrobial properties. In most of cases they concluded that polyphenols contributed to that phenomenon [13, 15–19] because in comparison to control groups, extracts obtained after SSF demonstrated stronger antimicrobial effects containing more phenolic compounds (PC) at the same time. In the paper written by Mohamed et al. [13, 72] authors did not carry out detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of fungal metabolites – they assumed that only curcumin would be the substance demonstrating antibacterial properties.

Some studies involved detailed analysis of polyphenol profiles and authors assigned antibacterial and antifungal properties to phenolic acids which concentration was increased by *Pleurotus sapidus* [12]. Others indicated that antimicrobial activity was achieved due to the occurrence of coumarins and oxylipins detected in post-fermentation extracts when *Aspergillus oryzae* KCCM 12698 was used for SSF [14]. Kaaniche et al. [2] additionally analysed structures of obtained bioactive compounds and they proved that four most potent antimicrobials produced by *Streptomyces cavourensis* TN638 were macrotetrolides. Similar approach was applied to identify antimicrobial compounds produced by *Fusarium sambucinum* B10.2 and proved it was sambacide [10]. When surfactants produced by various *Bacillus* strains were tested for antimicrobial properties, researchers additionally tested their properties like emulsification activities [4] or tensioactive activity [5]. Except for latest reports regarding surfactin, we did not include antibiotics in our chapter because currently there are various resistant strains so some alternatives are required.

The majority of identified antimicrobial compounds demonstrated activity equal to [2, 13, 17] or greater [10, 13, 15, 16] than well-known antibiotics. In some cases authors did not provide results for control samples so it was not possible to assess how those substances were effective, however, inhibition zones in diffusion disk method were very prominent [4, 9, 14, 15]. In other studies MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of extracted substances were not higher than for antibiotics, however, since those substances were obtained from agricultural waste which is a cost effective substrate, they still could be considered as potential antimicrobials [2, 12, 18, 19]. Only metabolites produced by *Pediococcus acidilactici* KT-05-7 demonstrated very weak antimicrobial properties [8].
