**Author details**

Alfred Mitema1,2\* and Naser Aliye Feto1

1 Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa

2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

\*Address all correspondence to: alfmite@yahoo.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**521**

*Fungal Biomass Load and* Aspergillus flavus *in a Controlled Environment*

[8] Covarelli L, Beccari G, Steed A, Nicholson P. Colonization of soft wheat following infection of the stem base by *Fusarium culmorum* and translocation of deoxynivalenol to the head. Plant Pathology. 2012;**61**:1121-1129

[9] Mayer Z, Bagnara A, Färber P, Geisen R. Quantification of the copy number of nor-1, a gene of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway by real-time PCR , and its correlation to the cfu of *Aspergillus flavus* in foods. International

Journal of Food Microbiology.

Marın S, Sanchis V, Jaen MTG. PCRbased strategy to detect contamination with mycotoxigenic *Fusarium* species in maize. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 2006;**29**:681-689

[11] Edwards SG, Callaghan JO, Dobson ADW. PCR-based detection and quantification of mycotoxigenic

fungi. Mycological Research. 2002;**106**(9):1005-1025

Patiñeo B, Gil-Serna J, Vázquez C, González-Jaén MT. Specific detection of *Aspergillus carbonarius* by SYBR® green and TaqMan® quantitative PCR assays based on the multicopy ITS2 region of the rRNA gene. FEMS Microbiology

[13] Sardiñas N, Vázquez C, Gil-Serna J, González-Jaén MT, Patiño B. Specific detection and quantification of *Aspergillus flavus* and *Aspergillus parasiticus* in wheat flour by SYBR® Green quantitative PCR. International

[14] Mitema A, Okoth S, Rafudeen MS. The development of a qPCR assay to measure *Aspergillus flavus* biomass

[12] González-Salgado A,

Letters. 2009;**295**(1):57-66

Journal of Food Microbiology. 2011;**145**:121-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.

ijfoodmicro.2010.11.041

[10] Jurado M, Vazquez C,

2003;**82**:143-151

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93307*

Delaure SL, Lucas S, Hias N, Weyens G, et al. The use of digital image analysis and real-time PCR fine-tunes bioassays for quantification of Cercospora leaf spot disease in sugar beet breeding. Plant Pathology 2012;**61**:76-84

[2] Sanzani SM, Li Destri Nicosia MG, Faedda R, Cacciola SO, Schena L. Use of quantitative PCR detection methods

phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes in environmental samples. Journal of Phytopathology. 2014;**162**(1):1-13

to study biocontrol agents and

[3] Mackay IM. Real-Time PCR in Microbiology From Diagnosis to

[4] Waalwijk C, Koch SH, Ncube E, Allwood J, Flett B, de Vries I, et al. Quantitative detection of *Fusarium* spp. and its correlation with fumonisin content in maize from south African subsistence farmers. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2008;**1**(February):39-47

[5] Nicolaisen M, Kærgaard L, Lazzaro I, Henrik N, Fejer A. Realtime PCR for quantification of eleven individual *Fusarium* species in cereals. Journal of Microbiological Methods.

[6] Korsman J, Meisel B, Kloppers FJ, Crampton BG, Berger DK. Quantitative phenotyping of grey leaf spot disease in maize using real-time PCR. European Journal of Plant Pathology.

[7] Demontis MA, Cacciola SO, Orrù M, Balmas V, Chessa V, Maserti BE, et al. Development of real-time PCR systems based on SYBR® Green I and TaqMan® technologies for specific quantitative detection of *Phoma tracheiphila* in infected citrus. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2008;**120**:339-351

2009;**76**:234-240

2012;**133**:461-471

Characterization. 2007

[1] Coninck BMA De, Amand O,

**References**

*Fungal Biomass Load and* Aspergillus flavus *in a Controlled Environment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93307*
