**Total Emission from Electricity Production in Oman = 123.414 + 38.367 = 161.781 million tons CO2 per year.**

Overall, the emission from MSW and electricity production in Oman is therefore equal to 165.205 million tons CO2 per year.

The next section presents different parameters of energy production from MSW in Oman.

#### **4.4 Energy production from MSW**

The composition of MSW presented in **Figure 6** shows that more than 50% of the MSW can be classified as combustible materials suitable for use in waste-toenergy plants. This indicates that a total of 1,079,610 tons per year (~3000 tons per day) of MSW can be used in waste-to-energy plants. The United States Energy Information Administration statistics indicate that 85% of the MSW can be burned in a waste-to-energy plant to produce electricity. Similarly, in some cases, the segregations of the waste are also not required as some of the latest plants known as the mass-burn waste-to-energy plant can process all the waste together. As shown in **Figure 7**, such plants have the capacity to segregates the waste such as metals, ash. The pant can also segregate the food waste and other organic waste that can be used in landfilling or for composting. Similarly, the separated ash can also be used as aggregates in construction works. These plants can also be classified based on their daily capacity. After reviewing the total waste-to-energy plants manufactured and installed by Deltaway Energy, these plants are found to have a capacity from 68 tons per day to 4900 tons per day [62]. To ensure a realistic estimate for the wasteto-energy plant, the MSW produced in different governorates were considered. As noted in **Table 2**, Muscat governorate, which is also the capital of Oman, is on the top of the waste production having a waste production capacity of 1905 tons per day. If Muscat, North AlBatinah, Al-Dakhiliya, South AlBatinah, South AlSharqiya, North AlShariqiya, and Al-Dhahirah governorates which are somehow close to each other (as shown in **Figure 8**) are considered, then the total production of waste will be equal to 5000 tons per day. Of course, these are 2017 data, and the population

**267**

3 years.

**Table 2.**

year in 2017.

calculated below:

per ton of MSW.

**CO2 = 26,370 million kg CO2 per year.**

**CO2 per day** = **1845.90 million kg CO2 per year.**

*A Comparative Study of MSW to Emery in Oman DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93745*

*Waste generation in different governorates of Oman [63].*

**Governorates Waste production ton per year** 

**(2017)**

Muscat 685,654 1905 North AlBatinah 336,791 936 Al-Dakhiliya 330,185 917 Dhofar 330,884 919 South AlBatinah 150,038 417 South AlSharqiya 98,372 273 North AlShariqiya 98,372 273 Al-Dhahirah 106,055 295 Al-Buraiymi 154,374 429 Al-Wusta 9799 27

of these governorates will increase, the MSW production in these governorates will also increase. For instance, based on World Bank statistics, Oman's population increased at a rate of 3.4% per year [64]. Based on this indicator, the 2020 waste

( ) ( ) = ( + )

where MSW(future) = the MSW generation in future (for instance in 2020) for Muscat governorate, MSW(Current) = the MSW generation in future (for instance in 2017) for Muscat governorate, i = annual growth rate (decimal)—in this case, it can be 0.034, and n = number of years projected into future—in this case, it will be

Based on the above parameters and using the equation, the Muscat governorate MSW production in 2020 will be 757,996 tons per year, which was 685,654 tons per

As noted in Section 3, 1 ton of MSW in the United States has the potential to produce 586 kWh, thus 5000 tons daily capacity waste-to-energy plant will be able to produce 29.30 million kWh daily. Similarly, this will help to reduce the volume of the waste that directly goes to landfills and produce emissions. Considering different parameters, the reduction of emissions through waste-to-energy plant is

a.CO2 emissions from 29.30 million kWh per day when produced by oil considering emissions for 1 kWh from oil = 2.5 kg CO2 = 29.30 × 2.5 = **73.25 million kg** 

b.Emission from 29.30 million kWh per day when produced by waste-to-energy plant considering 0.175 kg CO2 per kWh [59] = 29.30 × 0.175 = **5.12 million kg** 

c.Reduction of waste emissions from landfilling, considering a reduction of 1 ton

n

**Waste production ton per day (2017)**

future Current *MSW MSW* x1 i (3)

production in different governorates can be calculated using Eq. (3).

**Figure 7.** *A typical waste-to-energy plant.*

#### *A Comparative Study of MSW to Emery in Oman DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93745*


#### **Table 2.**

*Biotechnological Applications of Biomass*

**161.781 million tons CO2 per year.**

**4.4 Energy production from MSW**

in Oman.

fore equal to 165.205 million tons CO2 per year.

**Total Emission from Electricity Production in Oman = 123.414 + 38.367 =** 

Overall, the emission from MSW and electricity production in Oman is there-

The next section presents different parameters of energy production from MSW

The composition of MSW presented in **Figure 6** shows that more than 50% of the MSW can be classified as combustible materials suitable for use in waste-toenergy plants. This indicates that a total of 1,079,610 tons per year (~3000 tons per day) of MSW can be used in waste-to-energy plants. The United States Energy Information Administration statistics indicate that 85% of the MSW can be burned in a waste-to-energy plant to produce electricity. Similarly, in some cases, the segregations of the waste are also not required as some of the latest plants known as the mass-burn waste-to-energy plant can process all the waste together. As shown in **Figure 7**, such plants have the capacity to segregates the waste such as metals, ash. The pant can also segregate the food waste and other organic waste that can be used in landfilling or for composting. Similarly, the separated ash can also be used as aggregates in construction works. These plants can also be classified based on their daily capacity. After reviewing the total waste-to-energy plants manufactured and installed by Deltaway Energy, these plants are found to have a capacity from 68 tons per day to 4900 tons per day [62]. To ensure a realistic estimate for the wasteto-energy plant, the MSW produced in different governorates were considered. As noted in **Table 2**, Muscat governorate, which is also the capital of Oman, is on the top of the waste production having a waste production capacity of 1905 tons per day. If Muscat, North AlBatinah, Al-Dakhiliya, South AlBatinah, South AlSharqiya, North AlShariqiya, and Al-Dhahirah governorates which are somehow close to each other (as shown in **Figure 8**) are considered, then the total production of waste will be equal to 5000 tons per day. Of course, these are 2017 data, and the population

**266**

**Figure 7.**

*A typical waste-to-energy plant.*

*Waste generation in different governorates of Oman [63].*

of these governorates will increase, the MSW production in these governorates will also increase. For instance, based on World Bank statistics, Oman's population increased at a rate of 3.4% per year [64]. Based on this indicator, the 2020 waste production in different governorates can be calculated using Eq. (3).

$$\text{MSW}\_{\text{(future)}} = \text{MSW}\_{\text{(Current)}} \ge \left(\mathbf{1} + \mathbf{i}\right)^{\text{n}} \tag{3}$$

where MSW(future) = the MSW generation in future (for instance in 2020) for Muscat governorate, MSW(Current) = the MSW generation in future (for instance in 2017) for Muscat governorate, i = annual growth rate (decimal)—in this case, it can be 0.034, and n = number of years projected into future—in this case, it will be 3 years.

Based on the above parameters and using the equation, the Muscat governorate MSW production in 2020 will be 757,996 tons per year, which was 685,654 tons per year in 2017.

As noted in Section 3, 1 ton of MSW in the United States has the potential to produce 586 kWh, thus 5000 tons daily capacity waste-to-energy plant will be able to produce 29.30 million kWh daily. Similarly, this will help to reduce the volume of the waste that directly goes to landfills and produce emissions. Considering different parameters, the reduction of emissions through waste-to-energy plant is calculated below:


**Figure 8.** *Oman map showing different governorates.*

Emissions per tons of MSW when disposed in landfilling = 1.58 ton per year CO2 equivalent per ton of MSW.

Reduction in emissions per tons = 1.58 − 1.0 = 0.58 ton CO2 per year. Emissions from 5000 tons per year = 5000 × 0.58 = **2900 tons CO2**

```
per year = 2.9 million kg CO2 per year.
```