**1. Introduction**

Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a process during which microorganisms (in the presence of small amounts of water) transform agro-industrial waste into valuable compounds [1]. Based on the literature research, wheat bran was commonly used for those processes (**Table 1**). It is composed of about 53% of dietary fibre (xylans, lignin, cellulose, and galactan, fructans) and contains variety of phenolic acids e.g. ferulic acid, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid [71]. Researchers also applied other materials rich in polysaccharides (e.g. rice, whole grain wheat, millet, barley) or simple sugars (e.g. fruit pomace) (**Table 1**). Other substrates which were utilised for SSF are not only sources of carbohydrates, but also protein e.g. soybeans, lentil flour, silkworm larvae, fish meal, cuttle fish waste and king oyster mushroom (**Table 1**). The selection of waste products used in SSF should ensure the proper balance of nutrients to allow microbial growth and production of terpenoids, polyphenols, enzymes, biosurfactants, short chain fatty acids or others. Therefore, industrial waste with a high content of carbohydrates, protein, pectin or lipids is a suitable substrate.

There were various review papers regarding SSF but in the current chapter we focused only on selected substances which could be used in healthcare and demonstrate antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties or/and are immunosuppressants, anticoagulants and anticancer agents, e.g. enzymes, surfactants, terpenoids,


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**Name of the substance Microorganism Agricultural waste Reference** Phenolic compounds *Xylaria nigripes* Wheat bran [24]

> Orange peel and bagasse

Grounded barley by‐products

Mixed solid and liquid food industry

Dried and grounded sugarcane bagasse

Stones and pomace from fully ripened

Powdered fruits of Myrobalan and Teri

apricot

*Eurotium cristatum* YL-1 Soybeans seeds [34]

pod

*Rhizopus oryzae* RCK2012 Whole grain wheat [36]

Pu-erh tea [29]

Cowpeas [32]

Lentil flour [37]

Pearl barley [39]

Wheat bran [40]

Rice bran [41]

Sugarcane bagasse [43]

Rice bran-potato peel

Various agricultural

mixture

waste

wastes

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[31]

[35]

[38]

[42]

*Diaporthe sp. (Phomopsis* 

AXAZ-1 and *Kluyveromyces* 

*sp.)*

LUHS29

*Tieghem*

*Aspergillus niger* ATCC-6275 *Rhizopus oligosporus* ATCC-22959

*marxianus* IMB3

*Trichoderma viride* EMCC-107

*Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr.; Aspergillus niger van* 

Various terpenes *Antrodia camphorata* Millet [30]

*Lactobacillus plantarum* CECT 748 ATCC 14917

Phenolic compounds *B. subtilis* BCRC 14715 Black soybeans [33]

RB-13, NRRL 21498) *Aspergillus foetidus* (GMRB013 MTCC 3557)

*Aspergillus oryzae* LBA01, *A. niger* LBA02

ATCC 16024 (AFI 668)

**Immunosupresants**

Phenolic compounds, lignans *Pediococcus acidilactici*

α-Pinene *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*

Gallic acid *Rhizopus oryzae* (RO IIT

Mycophenolic acid *Penicillium brevicompactum*

Mycophenolic acid *Penicillium brevicompactum*

Mycophenolic acid *Penicillium brevicompactum*

Mycophenolic acid *Penicillium brevicompactum*

Mycophenolic acid *Penicillium brevicompactum*

Mycophenolic acid *Penicillium roqueforti*

DSM 2215

ATCC 16024

MTCC 8010

(various strains)

(AG101 and LG109)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94296*

limonene-1,2-diol, α-terpineol, (−)-carvone, α-tocopherol, dihydrocarveol and valencene

δ-Octalactone γ-Undecalactone γ-Dodecalactone δ-Dodecalactone

cis-Linaloloxide, Phenanthrene

Neochlorogenic acid), chlorogenic acid, rutin, 6″acetyl-glucoside

Quercetin and phenolic acids: gallic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic

4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid and unidentified compounds

3,4-di-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid,

genistein

quercetin

Daidzin, daidzein, genistin and

*The Application of Solid State Fermentation for Obtaining Substances Useful in Healthcare DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94296*


*Biotechnological Applications of Biomass*

Nonactin, monactin, dynactin,

trinactin

**Name of the substance Microorganism Agricultural waste Reference Antimicrobial properties**

> Immobilised bacterial spores (XAD-16) on potato dextrose agar

Okara and sugarcane

waste, wheat bran and olive stone

Milk thistle seeds [8]

meal, yeast, fish meal

golden rice straw and

Chinese sage, houpu magnolia, liquorice

Buckwheat groats [22]

root

(Arabica)

of king oyster mushroom, grain including corn, rice grain, white birch and mulberry powder

Malt extract agar [14]

Luffa sponge, cellulose sponge, corncob, castor seed

husks

medium

bagasse

corncob

[2]

[3]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[9]

[11]

[12]

[18]

[19]

[23]

*Streptomyces cavourensis*

Biosurfactant *Bacillus subtilis* SPB1 Millet [4]

TN638

448

Surfactin *Bacillus pumilus* UFPEDA

Not specified *Pediococcus acidilactici*

γ-Decalactone *Yarrowia lipolytica* W29

Coumarins and oxylipins *Aspergillus oryzae* KCCM

Rutin *Rhizopus oligosporus* NRRL

2710

Betulinic acid *Inonotus obliquus* The spent substrate

Surfactin homologues *Bacillus natto* NT-6 Potato dextrose

Biosurfactant *Tremetes versicolor* TV-6 Two-phase olive mill

Biosurfactant *Aspergillus niger* Wheat bran and

KTU-05-7

Not specified *Bacillus licheniformis* Wheat bran, soybean

(ATCC 20460)

Phenolic acids *Pleurotus sapidus* Sunflower seed hulls,

Phenolic compounds *Trichoderma* strains Commercial turmeric

Phenolic compounds *Aspergillus oryzae* NCH 42 Chinese cucumber,

Phenolic compounds *Bacillus clausii* Spent coffee grounds

12698

Sambacide *Fusarium sambucinum* B10.2 Potato [10]

Curcumin *Trichoderma* strains Turmeric [13]

Phenolic compounds *Lentinus edodes* Cranberry pomace [15]

Phenolic compounds *Trichoderma* strains Ginger powder [16] Phenolic compounds *Trichoderma reesei* Garden cress seeds [17]

**Anti-inflammatory agents** Phenolic compounds *Trametes versicolor* TV-6 Grape pomace [20] Not specified *Taiwanofungus camphoratus* obtained by SSF [21]

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#### **Table 1.**

*Examples of substances produced by solid state fermentation that could be used in healthcare.*

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*The Application of Solid State Fermentation for Obtaining Substances Useful in Healthcare*

polyphenols and short chain fatty acids. We also described main groups of microorganisms that were involved in cited studies and compared various approaches for

In the majority of cited studies (**Table 1**) authors did not verify which particular compound contributed to antimicrobial properties. In most of cases they concluded that polyphenols contributed to that phenomenon [13, 15–19] because in comparison to control groups, extracts obtained after SSF demonstrated stronger antimicrobial effects containing more phenolic compounds (PC) at the same time. In the paper written by Mohamed et al. [13, 72] authors did not carry out detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of fungal metabolites – they assumed that only

curcumin would be the substance demonstrating antibacterial properties. Some studies involved detailed analysis of polyphenol profiles and authors assigned antibacterial and antifungal properties to phenolic acids which concentration was increased by *Pleurotus sapidus* [12]. Others indicated that antimicrobial activity was achieved due to the occurrence of coumarins and oxylipins detected in post-fermentation extracts when *Aspergillus oryzae* KCCM 12698 was used for SSF [14]. Kaaniche et al. [2] additionally analysed structures of obtained bioactive compounds and they proved that four most potent antimicrobials produced by *Streptomyces cavourensis* TN638 were macrotetrolides. Similar approach was applied to identify antimicrobial compounds produced by *Fusarium sambucinum* B10.2 and proved it was sambacide [10]. When surfactants produced by various *Bacillus* strains were tested for antimicrobial properties, researchers additionally tested their properties like emulsification activities [4] or tensioactive activity [5]. Except for latest reports regarding surfactin, we did not include antibiotics in our chapter because currently there are various resistant strains so some alternatives are required. The majority of identified antimicrobial compounds demonstrated activity equal to [2, 13, 17] or greater [10, 13, 15, 16] than well-known antibiotics. In some cases authors did not provide results for control samples so it was not possible to assess how those substances were effective, however, inhibition zones in diffusion disk method were very prominent [4, 9, 14, 15]. In other studies MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of extracted substances were not higher than for antibiotics, however, since those substances were obtained from agricultural waste which is a cost effective substrate, they still could be considered as potential antimicrobials [2, 12, 18, 19]. Only metabolites produced by *Pediococcus acidilactici* KT-05-7

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94296*

**2. Main properties of substances obtained from SSF**

demonstrated very weak antimicrobial properties [8].

Anti-inflammatory properties of terpenoids were already described in various reviews [73, 74] but they were not investigated in cited papers so we did not discuss obtained results. It is worth mentioning that each extract obtained after SSF contained at least one compound that could demonstrate such activity: lactones which were produced by *Trichoderma viride* EMCC-107 [28]; limonene-1,2-diol, α-terpineol, (−)-carvone, α-tocopherol produced by *Diaporthe* sp. KY113119 [25]; 1-terpineol, L-linalool produced by *Antrodia camphorata* [30]; betulinic acid – *Inonotus obliquus* and [23]; α-pinene produced by *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* AXAZ-1

**2.2 Anti-inflammatory agents**

and *Kluyveromyces marxianus* IMB3 [27].

optimising SSF.

**2.1 Antimicrobial properties**

polyphenols and short chain fatty acids. We also described main groups of microorganisms that were involved in cited studies and compared various approaches for optimising SSF.
