*3.6.2 Collagen from fish*

Collagen from aquatic animals have been used as a safe substitute for bovine collagen, this is due to collagen from bovine sources have shown to be contaminated with some diseases. Fish solid wastes constitute 50–70% of the original raw material; however, this depends on the method of meat extraction [6].

Shark type I collagen forms fibrils under different conditions compared to bovine and porcine collagen [32]. For example, shark type I collagen gels and membranes have stronger rigidity and higher affinity to water vapour than those of porcine collagen, thus indicating the potential for utilising shark collagen as a new type I collagen material for various uses such as cell culture and medical technology [33].
