**Nomenclature**


*Economics, Sustainability, and Reaction Kinetics of Biomass Torrefaction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94400*

*Biotechnological Applications of Biomass*

long-term storage.

**Nomenclature**

O2 oxygen H2O water

MSW municipal solid waste FAME fatty acid methyl esters CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide

HHV high heating value PKS palm kernel shell MF mesocarp fiber FFB fruit fresh bunches EFB empty fruit bunches DT dry torrefaction WT wet torrefaction

SCB sugarcane bagasse CAPEX capital expenditures O/C oxygen–carbon H/C hydrogen-carbon TG thermogravimetric

ILA ionic-liquid assisted torrefaction TGA thermogravimetric analysis

As compared to the original raw biomass, torrefied biomass can serve as a good replacement for coal in the generation of heat and electricity, as well as input for gasification, densification, and iron making processes, with many positive attributes, like grinding and burning like coal, lower ash and sulfur content, lower transport and shipping costs, lower feedstock costs, and the ability to produce non-intermittent renewable energy. Hence, further studies to understand the mechanism behind the torrefaction process in producing more uniform biomass products and the influence of torrefaction process parameters on the biomass feedstock upgrading is necessary to open the market for the mass production of high-grade solid biofuels with enhanced energy density and hydrophobicity for a

Attributed to the several reactions involved, biomass torrefaction is sometimes referred to as the complex reactions including the decomposition of the common biomass components including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose as well as moisture evaporation. The economic, environmental, and social factors are the three major concepts of sustainability as regards the biomass torrefaction. While the economic factor is majorly related to the renewable energy consumption, the environmental factor focused more on the sustainable forest management while the regeneration of rural areas and more jobs is related to social factor. The economics of biomass torrefaction including the total production cost, total capital investment, production capacity, feedstock input, feedstock type, pre-treatment, and procurement costs, transportation costs are necessary to evaluate the efficiency of

the torrefaction process as well as the reactor performance.

**602**
