**Table 1.**


#### *Urine Creatinine Excretion in HIV and Non-HIV Subjects DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91416*


*LHR, likelihood ratio; BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin; ClCr, creatinine clearance; 24HUP, 24-hour urine protein; FSLP, fasting serum lipid profile; CholT, total cholesterol; Des, desirable; BorderL, borderline; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.*

#### **Table 2.**

*Distribution and characterization of variables at different levels of 24-hour urine creatinine in HIV-positive patients (n = 375).*

have 24-hour urine creatinine <300 mg, and both have desirable serum highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol <1 mg/dl. Twenty-four subjects have 24-hour urine creatinine >3000 mg. Out of this number, 83.3% have high serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas 16.7% have desirable serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This showed that the prevalence of high urine creatinine increased as serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased (**Table 2**).

### *3.1.4 Dissociation and association between daily urine creatinine excretion and variables in HIV patients*

There was no significant association between 24-hour urine creatinine and body mass index, p = 0.191; serum total cholesterol, p = 0.659; creatinine clearance, p = 0.265; 24-hour urine protein, p = 0.237; CD4 cell count, p = 0.677; serum triglyceride, p = 0.790; and hemoglobin, p = 0.140 in the HIV subjects (**Table 2**). Significant correlation was obtained between 24-hour urine creatinine and spot urine creatinine (p = 0.19), 24-hour urine volume (p = 0.004), spot urine creatinine/osmolality ratio (<0.001), serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.31), creatinine clearance (p < 0.001), and serum creatinine (<0.001) in the treatment-naïve HIV subjects. Hemoglobin, spot urine protein, spot urine osmolality, 24-hour urine protein, 24-hour urine osmolality, serum cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and serum triglyceride did not have significant correlation with 24-hour urine creatinine (**Table 3**).

#### *3.1.5 Correlates of daily urine creatinine excretion in HIV patients*

There was a very strong correlation between 24-hour urine creatinine >3000 mg and 24-hour urine osmolality (r = 0.95), body mass index, (r = 0.74), CD4 cell count, (r = −0.71), and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = −0.73) in the HIV subjects. However, there was a moderate correlation between 24-hour urine creatinine and 24-hour urine volume (r = 0.58) and hemoglobin (r = −0.43). Conversely, there was a poor correlation between spot urine creatinine and body mass index (r = 0.131, p = 0.009)), spot urine protein (r = 0.183, p = <0.001), spot urine osmolality (r = 0.288, p = <0.001), 24-hour urine volume (r = −0.111, p = 0.032), and creatinine clearance (r = 0.108, p = 0.036) (**Table 4**).

#### *3.1.6 Predictors of concentrated urine in HIV patients*

Multivariate linear regression of 24-hour urine creatinine >3000 mg with its potential risk factors was voided as the colinearity variance was skewed due to the small subpopulation (24) that have 24-hour urine creatinine >3000 mg.

#### *Urine Creatinine Excretion in HIV and Non-HIV Subjects DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91416*


*SUCOR, spot urine creatinine osmolality ratio; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.*

#### **Table 3.**

*Correlation of 24HUCr with variables in HIV patients (n = 375).*


*SUCOR, spot urine creatinine osmolality ratio; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.*

#### **Table 4.**

*Correlation of 24HUCr > 3000 mg with variables in HIV patients (n = 24).*

#### **3.2 Results in non-HIV subjects**

#### *3.2.1 Values of spot urine and 24-hour urine creatinine in non-HIV subjects*

Out of the 136 non-HIV subjects enrolled in this study, females constituted 72.1% and males 27.9%. Their mean age was 39 ± 12 years. They all have complete data or sample collection, and there was no attrition. The value of the mean spot urine creatinine was 148 ± 167, minimum value 14.7 mg/dl, and maximum value 746.7 mg/dl with a range of 732.0 mg/dl. Further, the value of the mean 24-hour urine creatinine was 1203 ± 316, minimum value 651.0 mg, maximum value 2320 mg, and range 1669.0 mg. The mean values of all other variables are depicted in **Table 5**.

For all the subjects the mean 23-hour urine creatinine was in the normal range (300–3000 mg). The potential risk factors for concentrated or dilute urine were voided and could not be distributed or characterized.

#### *3.2.2 Correlates of spot urine creatinine*

There was a significant correlation between spot urine creatinine and body mass index (r = 0.225, p = 0.009), spot urine protein (r = 0.292, p = 0.001), spot urine osmolality (r = 0.223, p = 0.009), serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.282, p = 0.001), 24-hour urine protein (r = −0.187, p = 0.030), 24-hour urine creatinine (r = −0.178, p = 0.038), serum creatinine (r = −0.212, p = 0.013), as well as serum cholesterol (r = 0.246, p = 0.004). In contrast, spot urine creatinine has no significant correlation with hemoglobin, 24-hour urine volume, 24-hour urine


*SD, standard deviation; SUOsm, spot urine osmolality; 24UOsm, 24-hour urine osmolality; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.*

#### **Table 5.**

*Variables in non-HIV subjects (n = 136).*


#### *Urine Creatinine Excretion in HIV and Non-HIV Subjects DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91416*

*HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 24HUOsm, 24-hour urine osmolality.*

#### **Table 6.**

*Correlation of spot urine creatinine with variables in non-HIV subjects (n = 136).*

osmolality, serum triglyceride, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as creatinine clearance (**Table 6**).

#### *3.2.3 Correlates of 24-hour urine creatinine*

Twenty-four-hour urine creatinine significantly correlated with 24-hour urine volume (r = 0.213, p = 0.013), serum creatinine (r = 0.741, p < 0.001), and spot urine creatinine (r = −0.178, p < 0.001). On the contrary, 24-hour urine creatinine did not significantly correlate with body mass index, hemoglobin, spot urine protein, spot urine osmolality, 24-hour urine protein, 24-hour urine osmolality, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (**Table 7**).

Twenty-four-hour urine protein significantly correlated with 24-hour urine volume (r = 0.213, p = 0.013), serum creatinine (r = 0.741, p < 0.001), and spot urine creatinine (r = −0.178, p < 0.001).

#### *3.2.4 Predictors of spot urine creatinine*

The variables that predicted spot urine creatinine were spot urine protein (p < 0.001) and 24-hour urine protein (p = 0.021), whereas body mass index, serum creatinine, spot urine osmolality, 24-hour urine creatinine, serum cholesterol, and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not (**Table 8**).

#### *3.2.5 Predictor of 24-hour urine creatinine in non-HIV subjects*

Only one variable predicted 24-hour urine creatinine—serum creatinine (p < 0.001)—whereas spot urine creatinine and 24-hour urine volume did not (**Table 9**).


#### **Table 7.**

*Correlation of 24-hour urine creatinine with variables in non-HIV subjects.*


#### **Table 8.**

*Multivariate linear regression of variables with spot urine creatinine in non-HIV subjects (n = 136).*


#### **Table 9.**

*Multivariate linear regression of variables with 24-hour urine creatinine in non-HIV subjects (n = 136).*
