*4.1.1 Prevalence of dilute urine in HIV patients*

This study noted the prevalence of dilute urine or low urine creatinine of 0.5% and concentrated urine or high urine creatinine of 6.4% in HIV patients. It showed an association between high urine creatinine and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, p = 0.001, as well as serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, p = 0.028. It further showed that high urine creatinine very strongly correlated with 24-hour urine osmolality (r = 0.95), body mass index (r = 0.74), CD4 cell count (r = −0.71), and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = −0.73). In this study the prevalence of low urine creatinine was 0.5%. This is in disagreement with 8.1% documented by Barr et al. [14]. In the same vein, the observed 6.4% prevalence of high urine creatinine in this study was a bit higher than the 3.1% reported by Barr et al. [14] in the same study previously mentioned. Differences in study design perhaps might explain the observed difference in the prevalence. Whereas the subjects in this group of our study participants were HIV patients in Nigeria, their study participants were non-HIV from a US general population. In Romania, studies reported high chronic kidney disease prevalence in HIV patients who were on variable antiretroviral therapy duration [15–17]. These Romanian studies evaluated kidney disease using MDRD equation, a formula that incorporated serum creatinine in its utility. Glaringly, however, their study failed to analyze daily urine creatinine excretion.
