**10.3 mTOR inhibitors**

Historically, mTOR inhibitors have been used in the treatment of metastatic kidney cancer and remain part of the modern armamentarium [146, 147]. Inhibition of mTOR will negatively impact translation of HIF-alpha subunits, while preferential blockade of mTORC1 or mTORC2 may alter the balance of the two isoforms. Given the oncogenic role of HIF-2α in ccRCC and the selective regulation of HIF-2α by mTORC2, mTORC2 inhibition may provide a more targeted therapeutic approach in the future.
