Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical Achievements, Improvement Approaches, and Adaptive Mechanisms

*Muhammad Zulkiffal, Aneela Ahsan, Javed Ahmed, Muhammad Musa, Amna Kanwal, Muhammad Saleem, Javed Anwar, Aziz ur Rehman, Sadia Ajmal, Saima Gulnaz and Muhammad Makky Javaid*

### **Abstract**

The major wheat-producing countries have heterogeneous and fragile agro climatic surroundings but frequently restraining wheat yield and quality losses are predominant under heat and drought prone agriculture exclusively when both stresses occur in blend, which looms the food security globally. However, many suggested examples are available in these countries for the mitigation of these two stresses by using different conventional and modern improvement and agronomic approaches. In addition to these approaches, morphological, physiological, anatomical, biochemical, phenological, and physiochemical vicissitudes, which trigged during these stresses, have also been elucidated. There complete deliberation in combination for wheat improvement is still a contest, but a win-win option is a holistic attitude in future.

**Keywords:** heat, drought, yield losses, achievements, improvement, mechanisms, major countries, wheat

### **1. Introduction**

The global inhabitants expansion proportions have been projected to upsurge and the domain people will grasp 8 billion by 2025 and strength be a slight greater than 9 billion by 2050 Hence, to encounter the ever-growing hassles of the population world sustenance fabrication desires to be doubled by the year 2050 [1].

The aftermath of a universal climate alteration has brought about the enlargement of extreme events. Among these events heat and drought are most multidimensional, vibrant, and shoddier stresses whose occurrences are unpredictable at any stage affecting wheat productivity. Today, wheat is an essential staple food for more than 2 billion people and is grown on more terrestrial zone than any other marketable produce. The major wheat-producing countries have sundry and flimsy agro climatic circumstances, typologies, wheat production schemes and thereby having an erratic consequence of heat and drought stresses. To combat these resilient, formulations of short- and long-term strategies are dire need for these countries. Heat stress occur when air and soil temperature become beyond a threshold level while drought stress takes place when ambient air temperature is high, soil and atmospheric humidity is low.

This review intended at revealing some of the foremost features and some probable heat and drought tolerance pointers of wheat related to heat and drought robust, which are relevant for agronomic and genetic improvement in wheat. Nevertheless, general triumph of wheat management and improvement depends on the intensive exertions of molecular biologists, physiologists, and modelers in addition to agronomist, geneticist, and breeder since these improvements are incremental in nature due to compound genomes and polygenic traits in wheat.

**Figure 1.** *Estimated yield losses (%) of foremost wheat-producing countries due to heat and drought stresses.*

**5**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

Wheat throughput is vanished predominant exclusively or jointly due to abiotic stresses primarily heat and drought with a large portion of potential in major wheatproducing nations and at the same time, globally. Mostly curtailing losses are prevalent due to sensitivity at reproductive phase under heat and drought prone agriculture, which threatens the food security worldwide. Therefore, this urges that these harms should be curtailed in major area of distress for all nations. Yield is an endpoint inclined by stressor therefore it is used as a yard stick for measuring these stresses. A middling appraisal of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops is caused by abiotic dynamics, heat in low latitude zones and drought stress common in most arid and semi-arid zones. Together heat and drought have persuasive effect in Mediterranean climate [2].

The internationally wheat losses due to heat and drought stresses encompasses, 5.5 and 12%, respectively. The actual losses however, varied substantially by region in the foremost wheat-producing countries viz; China [3], India [4], Russia [5], the USA [6], Canada [7], Pakistan [8], Australia [9], Turkey [10], and World [3] (**Figure 1**). The appearance of heat stress accredited to the extraordinary yield loss in Australia and Pakistan followed by India and China while stemming effect for Canada, Russia, USA, and Turkey are visible. Likewise, Canada, Russia, and USA extremely hit by drought followed by Turkey, India, and China while Pakistan and Australia remained at par. The frequency and magnitude of these losses may increase in future because the projections advocate that global temperatures may upsurge by 0.6–2.5°C by 2050

and 1.4–5.8°C by 2100 escort by increased severity of drought condition [11].

China Xifeng 9, Qingxuan 15, Changle 5, Bonong 7023, Zhangchun 9, Xinchun 2,

Xinchun 3, and Changchun 2

Gaoyou 9415, Hemai 13, Jimai 22, Kexin 9, Shannong 8355, Taishan 23, Yannong 5286, Zimai 7, and Nongda

HD 4502 (Malvika), AKW 1071, Purna, Parnhani-51, K9644, Atal, K 7903 Halna, DDK 1029, Ventnor, HS-240, K-0-307, and Raj 3765

Russia Dustlik, H-104, Sanzar-8, Sanzar4, Hasan-Orif, Bayaut1, Oasis, and Gul DU

Wheat yield increased under productive conditions, but in the regions where heat and drought condition prevail practical, achievements are less prolific due

**Countries Heat resistant Drought resistant References**

and Yannong 19. India CPAN 4079 and Nepal 38, Arnej, Ajanta, and Gomti [4, 18–23]

and BRW 3723

Milturum, and Cesium

Keyi26, Nongda 36, Nongda 183, Shijiazhuang 407, Huabei 187, Taigu 49, Yulin3, Mazhamai, Xuzhou 14, Jinmai 33, Jinmai 2148, Hezuo 2, Hezuo 4, Hezuo 7, Minn 2761, Kefeng 2, Kefeng3, Gaoyuan 602, Xindong 7, Lunkan6, Lunkan 7, Lumai 14, Heimangchunmai, Datouchunmai, Xindong 2, Jinmai 33, Kehan 9, Xinkehan 9, Inmai 47, Shijiazhuang 8, Cang 6001, Cangmai 02, Cangmai 6005, JM-262, Xihan No. 2, Longchun 23, Luhan7, Luhan 2,

Shekhar, WH 1142, HD1467, Harshita, N59,

Sarrubra, Sarrosa, Saratovskaya 29, Svetlana,

[12–17]

[24–26]

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

**2. Substantial wheat yield losses**

**3. Practical achievements**

Heng

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

### **2. Substantial wheat yield losses**

*Plant Stress Physiology*

atmospheric humidity is low.

in wheat.

any stage affecting wheat productivity. Today, wheat is an essential staple food for more than 2 billion people and is grown on more terrestrial zone than any other marketable produce. The major wheat-producing countries have sundry and flimsy agro climatic circumstances, typologies, wheat production schemes and thereby having an erratic consequence of heat and drought stresses. To combat these resilient, formulations of short- and long-term strategies are dire need for these countries. Heat stress occur when air and soil temperature become beyond a threshold level while drought stress takes place when ambient air temperature is high, soil and

This review intended at revealing some of the foremost features and some probable heat and drought tolerance pointers of wheat related to heat and drought robust, which are relevant for agronomic and genetic improvement in wheat. Nevertheless, general triumph of wheat management and improvement depends on the intensive exertions of molecular biologists, physiologists, and modelers in addition to agronomist, geneticist, and breeder since these improvements are incremental in nature due to compound genomes and polygenic traits

*Estimated yield losses (%) of foremost wheat-producing countries due to heat and drought stresses.*

**4**

**Figure 1.**

Wheat throughput is vanished predominant exclusively or jointly due to abiotic stresses primarily heat and drought with a large portion of potential in major wheatproducing nations and at the same time, globally. Mostly curtailing losses are prevalent due to sensitivity at reproductive phase under heat and drought prone agriculture, which threatens the food security worldwide. Therefore, this urges that these harms should be curtailed in major area of distress for all nations. Yield is an endpoint inclined by stressor therefore it is used as a yard stick for measuring these stresses. A middling appraisal of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops is caused by abiotic dynamics, heat in low latitude zones and drought stress common in most arid and semi-arid zones. Together heat and drought have persuasive effect in Mediterranean climate [2].

The internationally wheat losses due to heat and drought stresses encompasses, 5.5 and 12%, respectively. The actual losses however, varied substantially by region in the foremost wheat-producing countries viz; China [3], India [4], Russia [5], the USA [6], Canada [7], Pakistan [8], Australia [9], Turkey [10], and World [3] (**Figure 1**). The appearance of heat stress accredited to the extraordinary yield loss in Australia and Pakistan followed by India and China while stemming effect for Canada, Russia, USA, and Turkey are visible. Likewise, Canada, Russia, and USA extremely hit by drought followed by Turkey, India, and China while Pakistan and Australia remained at par. The frequency and magnitude of these losses may increase in future because the projections advocate that global temperatures may upsurge by 0.6–2.5°C by 2050 and 1.4–5.8°C by 2100 escort by increased severity of drought condition [11].

### **3. Practical achievements**


Wheat yield increased under productive conditions, but in the regions where heat and drought condition prevail practical, achievements are less prolific due


**Table 1.**

*Development of few heat- and drought-resistant wheat varieties by foremost wheat-producing countries.*

to tired inconsistency, large genomic decoration with multigenic trait, and multifaceted environmental dealings to these hassles. Even then, in the global milieu, copious efforts to mitigate heat and drought through breeding wheat-resilient varieties are under way and much remarkable advancement has been reported. The most sustainable, encouraging, economically effective, and communally adequate approach is the developing of wheat varieties with in-built heat and drought tolerance. To alleviate these two stresses, the **Table 1** demonstrates most evoked examples of the triumph stories in chief wheat-producing countries.

### **4. Improvement strategies**

### **4.1 Conventional breeding**

Conventional breeding approaches have been tremendously effectual in the development of heat and drought tolerant wheat cultivars on the globe. Conventional plant breeding typically trusts upon fortuitous by hybridization, the succeeding phenotypically selection for loftier desirable traits using Mendelian and quantitative genetics approaches in filial generations and final multi-locational trials valuation. The nitty-gritties of wheat improvement by conventional approaches for these two stresses rely on the varied scale usage of biodiversity, which include wild relatives, landraces, exotic material, advanced lines, isogenic lines, mapping population, and cytogenetic stocks. Among all sources, wild relative and landrace of wheat are potentially most significance for traits of stress adoptive due to the accretion of genes for tolerance to stresses. Therefore, this narrow wheat genetic diversity for higher tolerance to heat and drought stresses can be boost by the use of wild relatives and local land races. Among wild relatives, *Aegilops squarrosa* is

**7**

**Figure 2.**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

more heat, while *Aegilops tauschii* and *Triticum dicoccoides* are more drought tolerant. Conventional plant breeding has had discriminatory conquest in dying both stresses instantaneously, which may be due to the hurdle linked with traits stressed by polygenic inheritance, masking effect, and environmental interaction. As a magnitude of these confines of conventional breeding, additional genetic advances for developing tolerance against given wheat resilient are becoming progressively

Mutation breeding does not stance any moral matters regarding human health and sustainability as it become an customary tool in improvement of genepool have momentous impression. In nature, variation occurs chiefly as a consequence of mutations; that is swhy mutation-based breeding increases desirable variability,

*Combined changes in mechanisms and improvement strategies under heat and drought stresses.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

problematic (**Figure 2**).

**4.2 Mutation breeding**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

more heat, while *Aegilops tauschii* and *Triticum dicoccoides* are more drought tolerant. Conventional plant breeding has had discriminatory conquest in dying both stresses instantaneously, which may be due to the hurdle linked with traits stressed by polygenic inheritance, masking effect, and environmental interaction. As a magnitude of these confines of conventional breeding, additional genetic advances for developing tolerance against given wheat resilient are becoming progressively problematic (**Figure 2**).

### **4.2 Mutation breeding**

*Plant Stress Physiology*

Pakistan Gold-16, Punjab-11,

Fakhar-e-Bhakkar

Suntop, Spitfire, GBA Hunter, Livingstone and

EGA Gregory

**Table 1.**

to tired inconsistency, large genomic decoration with multigenic trait, and multifaceted environmental dealings to these hassles. Even then, in the global milieu, copious efforts to mitigate heat and drought through breeding wheat-resilient varieties are under way and much remarkable advancement has been reported. The most sustainable, encouraging, economically effective, and communally adequate approach is the developing of wheat varieties with in-built heat and drought tolerance. To alleviate these two stresses, the **Table 1** demonstrates most evoked

*Development of few heat- and drought-resistant wheat varieties by foremost wheat-producing countries.*

**Countries Heat resistant Drought resistant References** USA Long Branch [27, 28]

Canada Pelissier Stettler, Lillian, AC Barrie, and Strongfield [29–31]

Australia Longsword [46–51]

and Kirac-66

Greer, Joe, Plains Gold Avery, SY Monument, Tatanka, WB-Grain field, TAM112, White Sonora LCS Chrome, LCS Mint, and T158

[6, 32–45]

[52–54]

Chakwal50, NARC 2009, Tijaban-10, Dharabi-11, NRL 2017, Pakistan-13, Pakistan-13, Shahkar-13 and NIFA-Lalma, Shahkar-13, NIFA-Lalma, Hashim-8, Ghanemat-2015, BARS-09, Tatara, AZRC-1, Siran-2007, Raj, Chakwal-87, Rawal-97, Pothwar-93, Kohsar-95, Chakwal-97, GA-2002,

Ehsan-16, Barani-17, Fateh Jang-16

Wyalkatchem, and Estoc

1:ZIZ12, 12:ZIZ12, 56:ZIZ12, 134:ZWB12, Allora Spring, Farmer's Friend, King's Jubilee, Steinwedel, Kord CL Plus, drysdale,

Saricanak-98, Altay-2000, Dagdas-94, Katea-1,

Conventional breeding approaches have been tremendously effectual in the development of heat and drought tolerant wheat cultivars on the globe. Conventional plant breeding typically trusts upon fortuitous by hybridization, the succeeding phenotypically selection for loftier desirable traits using Mendelian and quantitative genetics approaches in filial generations and final multi-locational trials valuation. The nitty-gritties of wheat improvement by conventional approaches for these two stresses rely on the varied scale usage of biodiversity, which include wild relatives, landraces, exotic material, advanced lines, isogenic lines, mapping population, and cytogenetic stocks. Among all sources, wild relative and landrace of wheat are potentially most significance for traits of stress adoptive due to the accretion of genes for tolerance to stresses. Therefore, this narrow wheat genetic diversity for higher tolerance to heat and drought stresses can be boost by the use of wild relatives and local land races. Among wild relatives, *Aegilops squarrosa* is

examples of the triumph stories in chief wheat-producing countries.

Turkey Bayraktar 2000 Karahan-99, Gerek-79 and Alka quality,

**4. Improvement strategies**

**4.1 Conventional breeding**

**6**

Mutation breeding does not stance any moral matters regarding human health and sustainability as it become an customary tool in improvement of genepool have momentous impression. In nature, variation occurs chiefly as a consequence of mutations; that is swhy mutation-based breeding increases desirable variability,

**Figure 2.** *Combined changes in mechanisms and improvement strategies under heat and drought stresses.*

which is not found in nature especially with the help of various physical (X rays, gamma rays, UV light, proton, neutron, alpha and beta particles) and chemical mutagens (alkylating agents, nitrous acid, acridine, base analogue, azide, and antibiotics). By the use of mutation breeding, 254 superior bread wheat varieties including abiotic stress tolerant (26 resistant to drought) have been released globally. Three significant economic impact wheat varieties (Jauhar-78, Soghat-90 and Kiran-95) released through induced mutagenesis in Pakistan [55]. Al-Naggar and Shehab-El-Deen [56] endeavored to induce (gamma rays and EMS) drought-tolerant mutants in six Egyptian bread wheat varieties. These mutants surpassed 20% grain yield over parents under drought condition. Laghari et al. [57] developed and gaged two wheat mutants capable of earlier maturity and higher grain yield than the checks. The mutation wheat varieties (Kievsky and Novosibivskaya 67) were characterized by upright productivity and resistant to lodging in Ukrain [58]. This exhilarated further work on mutation breeding, leading to the release of mutant wheat cultivars expressly the traits linked to heat and drought tolerance. Mutant byzantine screening, difficulty in regulatory the direction and nature of variation, low beneficial mutant occurrence and mutagenic efficacy, mutation breeding approaches have curb and are facing challenges. Owing to this bottleneck, induced mutations have also evidenced valuable in the preparation of genetic maps that will ease molecular marker-assisted plant breeding for developing heat- and droughttolerant wheat varieties in the upcoming.

### **4.3 Double haploid**

Double haploid counterpart the conventional breeding programs to hasten the release of new varieties tolerant to heat and drought stresses by rapid generation advancement. Therefore, double haploid approach should be unified with convention approaches perceptively for food security. From heterozygous individual haploids are made and converted to diploid, which create instant homozygous lines, which evade fertility obstacles inherent to wide crosses as it is genotypes sovereign. For heat and drought tolerance improvement double haploid have been broadly used to judge allelic variation as it deliver great level of polymorphism by using limited quantity of tested lines through molecular mapping as targets for transformations. Two drought-resistant wheat varieties (Jinghua 1 and Jinghua 764) in China, one in France (Florin), one in Hungary (Gk Delibab), one in Morocco (Malika) were developed and released with the help of doubled haploid technique [30, 59–61]. Moreover, double haploid genotypes (DH1 and 2) under drought and (DH132 and 133) under heat and (DH136, 210, 236, 248, 257 and 263) under both conditions found superior than checks in Egypt, Iran, and USA respectively [62–64]. The high production cost, know-how, restriction on number of crosses and low haploid generation facilities restricted the use of double haploid.

### **4.4 Integrated genetic engineering and biotechnology approaches**

Additional consideration need to be paid now to develop high-yielding wheat varieties by integrated genetic engineering and biotechnology approaches under heat and drought stresses. This will open new opportunities for enhancing existence of narrow genetic base and help for understanding the genetic mechanisms for theses stresses. But this requires the identification of key tolerance genetic determinants underlying these two stresses and introducing into wheat. This introduction includes transgenesis, which holds artificial regulatory order, sexually incompatibility with no barrier but may be safe while cisgenesis and intragenesis are sexually compatibility, contain natural regulatory order and new combination of regulatory

**9**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

order (hybrid genes), respectively with barrier but are safe. Due to large wheat genome size (17,000 Mb) the complete sequencing is challenging. However, there are few examples for introduction of several stress-inducible genes into wheat, which increased tolerance to heat and drought stresses but due risk of other undesirable traits transfer and reproductive barrier, strategy for tolerance is not much successful yet. Khurana et al. [65] identified and characterized large number of high temperature-responsive genes aiming to functionally validate them in wheat transgenic. Zang et al. [66] identified heat stress-responsive gene (TaPEPKR2), transformed into another wheat cultivar, observed that the transgenic lines exhibited enhanced heat and drought stresses tolerance and suggested that it could be utilized as a candidate gene in transgenic breeding. Karolina et al. [67] analyzed wheat gene (P5CS and P5CR) expression in response to drought stress and found that they have a significant function in controlling tolerance to water deficits. Hua et al. [68] identified target genes in response to drought stress in wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) and suggested that these could be exploited via genetic engineering to improve drought tolerance in wheat. Overexpressing of TaNAC69, HVA1, CAT TaDREB2, and TaDREB3 genes the transgenic wheat produced more shoot biomass, yield, and improved water use efficiency drought conditions, which suggested that

these have potential for wheat engineering for drought tolerance [69].

that overexpression of 1Dx5 gene upsurges overall protein content.

Concerning quality, [70] recognized 26 genes to gauge their function and transcript levels for starch synthesis in wheat. Rooke et al. [71] produced and then confirm wheat transgenicline (B73-6-1), which holds additional genes (Glu-1D-1) for high-molecular weight gluten sub units (HMW-GS). Similarly, [72] investigate interactive effects between the transgenically wheat line (B102-1-2/1) with HMW-GS and suggested that by using transgenic wheat lines expressing HMW-GScan improve dough properties. Parallel interpretations are described in transgenic wheat lines (B72-8-11b and B102-1-2) for HMW-Gs by [73]. Ashraf et al. [74] transforms and detects HMW-gene (Dy10) in Egyptian wheat and scrutinized that transgenic grain own higher levels of glutenin compared to control. Alvarez et al. [75] transformed the HMW-GS genes (1Ax1 and 1Dx5) into wheat and revealed

Genomic assistance breeding (GAB) established on the application of marker assistance selection, which discriminate genetically sundry phenotypes elucidated by the markers were scrutinized. The wheat breeding understanding for abiotic stress tolerance is restricted due to their complex inheritance and wide range of environmental interaction with respect to rate, intensity, timing, duration, and increased genetic gain at early phenological phases of wheat. This issue bounds all conventional breeding efforts. In this situation genomic assistance breeding is very prompt, cost effective, and accurate in harsh unpredictable and unapproachable environmental situation in which individual targeted wheat plants can be selected on phenotypic basis. Furthermore, genomic approaches are welcome for condemnation from social sectors hesitant to the use of transgenic breeding expressly on wheat crop. In amalgamation with the conventional breeding, this unlocked up tangible forecasts for new schemes in wheat breeding for injurious stress tolerance as it bounce greater genetic reply for QTL inveterate in multi-environments because it resulted in the development of next generation sequencing methods. A wide range of population structures can be used for QTL mapping, backcrossing, recombinant inbred, double haploid and F2 selfing or heterozygous inter crossing of major genes is repeatedly used to lessen the association around the target gene and to recuperate the recurrent parent by using less number of filial generations. Similarly recombinant inbred lines and double haploid, which can be sustained and produced permanently have been extensively used to judge allelic variation as it provide high level of polymorphism by using limited number of tested lines through molecular

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

### *Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

order (hybrid genes), respectively with barrier but are safe. Due to large wheat genome size (17,000 Mb) the complete sequencing is challenging. However, there are few examples for introduction of several stress-inducible genes into wheat, which increased tolerance to heat and drought stresses but due risk of other undesirable traits transfer and reproductive barrier, strategy for tolerance is not much successful yet. Khurana et al. [65] identified and characterized large number of high temperature-responsive genes aiming to functionally validate them in wheat transgenic. Zang et al. [66] identified heat stress-responsive gene (TaPEPKR2), transformed into another wheat cultivar, observed that the transgenic lines exhibited enhanced heat and drought stresses tolerance and suggested that it could be utilized as a candidate gene in transgenic breeding. Karolina et al. [67] analyzed wheat gene (P5CS and P5CR) expression in response to drought stress and found that they have a significant function in controlling tolerance to water deficits. Hua et al. [68] identified target genes in response to drought stress in wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) and suggested that these could be exploited via genetic engineering to improve drought tolerance in wheat. Overexpressing of TaNAC69, HVA1, CAT TaDREB2, and TaDREB3 genes the transgenic wheat produced more shoot biomass, yield, and improved water use efficiency drought conditions, which suggested that these have potential for wheat engineering for drought tolerance [69].

Concerning quality, [70] recognized 26 genes to gauge their function and transcript levels for starch synthesis in wheat. Rooke et al. [71] produced and then confirm wheat transgenicline (B73-6-1), which holds additional genes (Glu-1D-1) for high-molecular weight gluten sub units (HMW-GS). Similarly, [72] investigate interactive effects between the transgenically wheat line (B102-1-2/1) with HMW-GS and suggested that by using transgenic wheat lines expressing HMW-GScan improve dough properties. Parallel interpretations are described in transgenic wheat lines (B72-8-11b and B102-1-2) for HMW-Gs by [73]. Ashraf et al. [74] transforms and detects HMW-gene (Dy10) in Egyptian wheat and scrutinized that transgenic grain own higher levels of glutenin compared to control. Alvarez et al. [75] transformed the HMW-GS genes (1Ax1 and 1Dx5) into wheat and revealed that overexpression of 1Dx5 gene upsurges overall protein content.

Genomic assistance breeding (GAB) established on the application of marker assistance selection, which discriminate genetically sundry phenotypes elucidated by the markers were scrutinized. The wheat breeding understanding for abiotic stress tolerance is restricted due to their complex inheritance and wide range of environmental interaction with respect to rate, intensity, timing, duration, and increased genetic gain at early phenological phases of wheat. This issue bounds all conventional breeding efforts. In this situation genomic assistance breeding is very prompt, cost effective, and accurate in harsh unpredictable and unapproachable environmental situation in which individual targeted wheat plants can be selected on phenotypic basis. Furthermore, genomic approaches are welcome for condemnation from social sectors hesitant to the use of transgenic breeding expressly on wheat crop. In amalgamation with the conventional breeding, this unlocked up tangible forecasts for new schemes in wheat breeding for injurious stress tolerance as it bounce greater genetic reply for QTL inveterate in multi-environments because it resulted in the development of next generation sequencing methods. A wide range of population structures can be used for QTL mapping, backcrossing, recombinant inbred, double haploid and F2 selfing or heterozygous inter crossing of major genes is repeatedly used to lessen the association around the target gene and to recuperate the recurrent parent by using less number of filial generations. Similarly recombinant inbred lines and double haploid, which can be sustained and produced permanently have been extensively used to judge allelic variation as it provide high level of polymorphism by using limited number of tested lines through molecular

*Plant Stress Physiology*

tolerant wheat varieties in the upcoming.

**4.3 Double haploid**

which is not found in nature especially with the help of various physical (X rays, gamma rays, UV light, proton, neutron, alpha and beta particles) and chemical mutagens (alkylating agents, nitrous acid, acridine, base analogue, azide, and antibiotics). By the use of mutation breeding, 254 superior bread wheat varieties including abiotic stress tolerant (26 resistant to drought) have been released globally. Three significant economic impact wheat varieties (Jauhar-78, Soghat-90 and Kiran-95) released through induced mutagenesis in Pakistan [55]. Al-Naggar and Shehab-El-Deen [56] endeavored to induce (gamma rays and EMS) drought-tolerant mutants in six Egyptian bread wheat varieties. These mutants surpassed 20% grain yield over parents under drought condition. Laghari et al. [57] developed and gaged two wheat mutants capable of earlier maturity and higher grain yield than the checks. The mutation wheat varieties (Kievsky and Novosibivskaya 67) were characterized by upright productivity and resistant to lodging in Ukrain [58]. This exhilarated further work on mutation breeding, leading to the release of mutant wheat cultivars expressly the traits linked to heat and drought tolerance. Mutant byzantine screening, difficulty in regulatory the direction and nature of variation, low beneficial mutant occurrence and mutagenic efficacy, mutation breeding approaches have curb and are facing challenges. Owing to this bottleneck, induced mutations have also evidenced valuable in the preparation of genetic maps that will ease molecular marker-assisted plant breeding for developing heat- and drought-

Double haploid counterpart the conventional breeding programs to hasten the release of new varieties tolerant to heat and drought stresses by rapid generation advancement. Therefore, double haploid approach should be unified with convention approaches perceptively for food security. From heterozygous individual haploids are made and converted to diploid, which create instant homozygous lines, which evade fertility obstacles inherent to wide crosses as it is genotypes sovereign. For heat and drought tolerance improvement double haploid have been broadly used to judge allelic variation as it deliver great level of polymorphism by using limited quantity of tested lines through molecular mapping as targets for transformations. Two drought-resistant wheat varieties (Jinghua 1 and Jinghua 764) in China, one in France (Florin), one in Hungary (Gk Delibab), one in Morocco (Malika) were developed and released with the help of doubled haploid technique [30, 59–61]. Moreover, double haploid genotypes (DH1 and 2) under drought and (DH132 and 133) under heat and (DH136, 210, 236, 248, 257 and 263) under both conditions found superior than checks in Egypt, Iran, and USA respectively [62–64]. The high production cost, know-how, restriction on number of crosses and

low haploid generation facilities restricted the use of double haploid.

**4.4 Integrated genetic engineering and biotechnology approaches**

Additional consideration need to be paid now to develop high-yielding wheat varieties by integrated genetic engineering and biotechnology approaches under heat and drought stresses. This will open new opportunities for enhancing existence of narrow genetic base and help for understanding the genetic mechanisms for theses stresses. But this requires the identification of key tolerance genetic determinants underlying these two stresses and introducing into wheat. This introduction includes transgenesis, which holds artificial regulatory order, sexually incompatibility with no barrier but may be safe while cisgenesis and intragenesis are sexually compatibility, contain natural regulatory order and new combination of regulatory

**8**


**11**

**Source** Drought stress

F3 and F4 population derived from

Thousand grain weight

Xgwm408-2B

[90]

127 recombinant lines from

Grain yield

Xwmc420-4AL

[91]

(drought-tolerant/sensitive)

DharwarDry/Sitta

drought-tolerant (Oste-Gata) and

sensitive (Massara-1) populations

Two F8–9 recombinant inbred

Seedling traits under

Xmag3356-5D

[17]

167 recombinant inbred lines

Canopy

gwm388-1B

temperature under

water deficit

plus parents derived from

(drought-tolerant) Seri/

Babax

Xbarc158-3B

drought

lines population from (resistant/

susceptible) Luohan 2/Weimai 8

and annong19/Weimai 8

Near isogenic lines from (tolerant/

Grain yield under post

gwm368-4B

[93]

118 recombinant inbred lines

Yield under

Xgwm194-7B

[94]

drought stress

Plant height

Xgwm495-4B

[96]

from Tabassi/Taifun

anthesis drought

Root traits under drought

Xwmc175-2B

[95]

154 accessions development

under irrigated and droughtstressed conditions

susceptible) C306/Dharwar Dry

A panel of 100 lines

**Table 2.** *Identified QTLs for different traits with lined markers under heat and drought stress environments in wheat.*

**QTLs**

**Markers with co-localization**

**Ref**

**Source**

**QTLs**

**Markers with co-localization**

**Ref**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

[92]


**Table 2.** *Identified QTLs for different traits with lined markers under heat and drought stress environments in wheat.*

### *Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

*Plant Stress Physiology*

**10**

**Source** Heat stress

F2 population from PBW743/

Membrane

Xgwm156-3B

[76]

251 recombinant inbred

Heat susceptibility

gwm122-2A

[63]

index

lines from (heat-tolerant/

susceptible) HD2808/

HUW510

thermostability

WH1081 under terminal heat stress

F1–F2 population from (heattolerant/sensitive) Debra/Yecora

Grain filling rate

Xgwm132-6A

[77]

111 recombinant inbred

Grain filling rate

Xgwm314-6B

[78]

lines from (heat-tolerant/

susceptible) WH 730/Raj

4014

Xgwm577-6B

Xgwm617-D

Rojo

F1–F3 population from (heattolerant/susceptible) ventnor/

Grain filling duration

gwm11-5A

[79]

143 recombinant inbred lines

Heat stress

gwm190-1B

[80]

gwm133-5B

gwm63-7B

susceptibility

index

from Kauz/MTRWA116

gwm 293-1B

Karl 92

BC1 F2 population from (heattolerant/susceptible) HD2733/

Canopy temperature

barc68-5A

[81]

106 recombinant inbred lines

Grain weight heat

Xgwm972-7D1

[82]

environment

from NW1014/HUW468

WH730 and HD2733/HI150

Bi-parental F2 population

205 F2 population from (heatsensitive/tolerant) YecoraRojo/

Grain filling rate under

wmc326-3B

[85]

wmc25-2A

wmc327-5A

heat stress

Ksu106

144 doubled haploid wheat

Chlorophyll loss and shoot

Xgwm1034-3B

[87]

Genetic population (heattolerant accession) derived

from Karl 92

Xbarc75-6B

weight reduction due to

heat treatment

Canopy temperature

barc0075-3B1

[88]

25 wheat genotypes exposed

to heat stress

populations bare to heat hassle

RAC875/Kukri doubled haploid

population

Stay green under prolong

Xgwm533-3B3

[83]

121 recombinant inbred

Canopy

barc84-3B

[84]

gwm154-5A

gwm179-5A1

Xgwm1025-7BL

[86]

temperature

depression

Canopy

temperature

depression

Plasma and

Xbarc113-6A

[23]

Xbarc121-7A

Xbarc49-1D

thylakoid

membrane damage

Kernel weight

gwm11-5A

[89]

gwm293-1B

and grain filling

duration

lines from (heat-tolerant/

susceptible) Halberd/Karl92

148 recombinant inbred lines

from NW1014/HUW468

heat

**QTLs**

**Markers with** 

**Ref**

**Source**

**QTLs**

**Markers with** 

**Ref**

**co-localization**

**co-localization**


### **Table 3.**

**13**

and N

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

mapping for heat and drought tolerance improvement. MAS for target traits relied on finding markers linked to quantitative traits loci (QTL). A large number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping studies have been magnificently applied as a tool for genetic analysis for wheat under heat and drought tolerance. These abolish perplexing effects of the environment throughout selection, permits for unintended selection of traits governing these buoyant and provide footprints of domestication

Although numerous reports are obtainable for the use of association mapping approaches to categorize the QTLs, linked markers associated with co-localization in wheat for heat (heat stability index, canopy temperature, membrane thermosta

bility, stay green, grain filling duration etc.) and drought (relative water contents, stomatal conductance, grain weight etc.) yet their prosperous placement in the

efficiency of MAS is effected by population size with broader genetic base, loci numbers, complexity of traits, and selection approaches, the breeder must evalu

ate before applying it especially for quantitative traits regarding resilient stressors under single environment because it analyzed one trait and less efficient to deter

mine the effect of each QTL. Therefore, there is an immense need to develop more effective markers associated with the agronomic traits under these stresses for MAS.

Promotion of agronomic practices can increased wheat productivity and farm income by sustaining and/or defending the production system against heat and drought resilient along with genetic approaches joined with breeding procedures. To overcome the hostile effect of climate change the notion of climate smart agriculture has been anticipated, which embraces many of the agronomic practices based on sustainable crop production and field management. Some of the winning agronomic approaches that alleviate heat and drought in wheat have been presented in **Table**

Among these, water conservation techniques increase water use efficiency and time saving; residual and nutrients management; moderates soil temperature, reduces evaporation losses, reduce pollution by reducing greenhouse gases and CH

2O emission; chemical and biological control protect the wheat from damage that resulted due to high temperature and drought stress; pick up of least perilous growing period; adaptation mechanisms are effective for right time by operational

The heat and drought stresses in wheat crop triggers a wide variety of responses,

which cause morphological, physiological, anatomical, biochemical, phenologi

cal, and physiochemical vicissitudes changes individually or in combination due to direct or indirect injury that leads to significant loss in yield potential. General elucidation of the all discussed mechanisms by wheat reply to heat and drought are deliberated, but there complete consideration in combination for wheat improve

Under heat and drought stresses most morphological traits (leaf size, plant height, grain size and weight, root length, shoot length, root shoot length ratio,,

> − 1

, spike length, spikelet spike

development of superior cultivar has had only limited success (**Table**




**3** .

4



and biomass) show decreasing

**2**). As the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

construction on early victories.

**4.5 Agronomic approaches**

**5. Adaptive mechanisms**

ment is still a contest.

number of tiller plant

**5.1 Morphological vicissitudes**

− 1

management by translating weather information.

*Agronomy management for heat and drought mitigation.*

### *Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

mapping for heat and drought tolerance improvement. MAS for target traits relied on finding markers linked to quantitative traits loci (QTL). A large number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping studies have been magnificently applied as a tool for genetic analysis for wheat under heat and drought tolerance. These abolish perplexing effects of the environment throughout selection, permits for unintended selection of traits governing these buoyant and provide footprints of domestication construction on early victories.

Although numerous reports are obtainable for the use of association mapping approaches to categorize the QTLs, linked markers associated with co-localization in wheat for heat (heat stability index, canopy temperature, membrane thermostability, stay green, grain filling duration etc.) and drought (relative water contents, stomatal conductance, grain weight etc.) yet their prosperous placement in the development of superior cultivar has had only limited success (**Table 2**). As the efficiency of MAS is effected by population size with broader genetic base, loci numbers, complexity of traits, and selection approaches, the breeder must evaluate before applying it especially for quantitative traits regarding resilient stressors under single environment because it analyzed one trait and less efficient to determine the effect of each QTL. Therefore, there is an immense need to develop more effective markers associated with the agronomic traits under these stresses for MAS.

### **4.5 Agronomic approaches**

*Plant Stress Physiology*

**12**

**Water** 

**Residual and nutrients** 

**Planting time**

**Biological control**

**Chemical control**

**Adaptation** 

**mechanism**

**management**

**conservation** 

**techniques**

•

Improve water

•

Residue retention alone or in

•

Early sowing or as soon as

•

Inoculation of

•

Exogenous application of hormones,

•

Wheat crop

modeling

•

Meteorological

decision support

schemes

antioxidant enzymes, biochemical

solutes, and osmoprotectants to seed or

growing wheat

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

adequate rainfall/moisture

available or plant early matur-

ing cultivars

•

Ameliorating

plant growth and

development

combination with nitrogen

and phosphors fertilizers

harvesting

techniques

• •

• Weed management

•

Raised bed

planting

• **Table 3.** *Agronomy management for heat and drought mitigation.*

Seed priming

Laser leveling

•

Balanced use of nutrients at

proper time and stage

Minimum tillage

•

Straw mulching

Promotion of agronomic practices can increased wheat productivity and farm income by sustaining and/or defending the production system against heat and drought resilient along with genetic approaches joined with breeding procedures. To overcome the hostile effect of climate change the notion of climate smart agriculture has been anticipated, which embraces many of the agronomic practices based on sustainable crop production and field management. Some of the winning agronomic approaches that alleviate heat and drought in wheat have been presented in **Table 3**.

Among these, water conservation techniques increase water use efficiency and time saving; residual and nutrients management; moderates soil temperature, reduces evaporation losses, reduce pollution by reducing greenhouse gases and CH4 and N2O emission; chemical and biological control protect the wheat from damage that resulted due to high temperature and drought stress; pick up of least perilous growing period; adaptation mechanisms are effective for right time by operational management by translating weather information.

### **5. Adaptive mechanisms**

The heat and drought stresses in wheat crop triggers a wide variety of responses, which cause morphological, physiological, anatomical, biochemical, phenological, and physiochemical vicissitudes changes individually or in combination due to direct or indirect injury that leads to significant loss in yield potential. General elucidation of the all discussed mechanisms by wheat reply to heat and drought are deliberated, but there complete consideration in combination for wheat improvement is still a contest.

### **5.1 Morphological vicissitudes**

Under heat and drought stresses most morphological traits (leaf size, plant height, grain size and weight, root length, shoot length, root shoot length ratio,, number of tiller plant<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> , spike length, spikelet spike<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> and biomass) show decreasing trends. The first and prime effect harshly diminish sprouting and seedling. After seedling emerged, cell division, cell enlargement, and differentiation are badly affected due to these stresses, which afterward affect the leaf size and plant height. The retrieval does not take place at the advanced periods but may take place at initial phase of both stresses. Remarkably, the decline in leaf size can oblige as heat and drought avoidance mechanism because it abridged transpiration.

Under serious water shortage, cell elongation is subdued by interruption of water drift from the xylem to the development cells resulted in reduced growth due to decrease in mitosis course. This reduction leads to thwart the development of flower production, grain development, and filling due to a attenuation in the activities of sucrose and starch synthesis enzymes.

Core cause of grain size and weight is the expansion of maternal cells throughout the grain filling phase, which is major parameter upsetting grain size and weight and it rest on the ear and flag leaf and stem reserves as they deliver the pivotal element (carbon). Heat and drought stresses, causes the reduction of spike length, spikelet spike<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> and biomass and positively correlated with each other and also with grain yield. Jaiswal et al. and Hafiz et al. [97, 98] observed a reducing drift in root length ranged from 7.2 to 23.0 cm (normal) and from 5.3 to 17.7 cm (drought) and shoot length from 13.2 to 29.2 cm (normal) and from 11.0 to 25.2 cm (drought) while the root/shoot length ratio ranged from 0.27 to 0.94 (normal) and from 0.29 to 0.92 (drought) among all tested genotypes. Hasan et al. [99] observed root and shoot length under different temperature regimes, the lowest values (2.8 and 1.14 cm) was attained at 15°C, optimum (11.5 and 9.03 cm) at 25°C and thereafter decreased trend (6.41 and 7.53 cm) at 35°C, respectively in all tested wheat genotypes. The increase in temperature, the shoot-to-root ratio was also increased because the adverse effect of higher temperature (35°C) on root length was more than that on shoot length.

### **5.2 Physiological vicissitudes**

Normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and canopy temperature (CT) are good physiological pointer of a genotype's suitability against heat and drought stress environment and these traits may be used as morphological selection tools for developing heat and drought stress-tolerant genotypes. For appraisal of physiological diversity in wheat genotypes under heat and drought environments, [100] revealed the positive correlation of yield with NDVI at booting and anthesis and negative correlation with CT at same stages. A positive association of NDVI advocated the existence of stay-green while negative array of CT at both stages supported cooler canopies genotypes. Likewise, [101] clarified same results for these physiological traits while working on wheat local land races for consecutive 3 years as genetic resources for yield potential and heat tolerance.

Under heat and drought stress conditions, wheat plants improve canopy temperature by closing their stomata swiftly, which resulted in reduced transpiration and water loss. This reduction in stomatal opening causes low amount of CO2 fixation that lead to reduction in photosynthesis and ultimately chlorophyll content. This reduction resulted due to structural and then adjacent changes in chloroplasts, which ultimately disrupt chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. As compared to 100% control, heat, drought, and combine stress reduces photosynthesis rate by 19, 11, and 79%. Relative water content, membrane stability, and osmotic potential are maintained by osmoregulation physiological mechanism, which losses their viability under both stresses. As an indicator of water status, relative water content is the meaningful determinant of heat and drought tolerance because it signifying the membrane stability and balance between water supply and evapotranspiration. The relative water content was reduced by 55, 26, and 61% under drought, heat, and

**15**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

combined stress, respectively. Membrane stability index was affected most by combination of drought and heat stress (60%) than by heat stress (55%) and finally by drought stress (43%). Transpiration rate under high temperature stress compared to control slightly increased. However, drought stress decreased transpiration rate while under combine effect the reduction rate is 60–63% [102, 103]. Photosynthesis is also extremely sensitive under heat and drought prone conditions as the reduction in the ratio and quantity of chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoid occurred upon

Anatomical changes like reduced leaf anatomy, cell size, damage in mesophyll,

changes in xylem and phloem are vital reflection under both stresses. Cell membrane stability shields the plant from ROS that causes significantly decrease in membrane stability under both stresses. Tolerant and susceptible genotypes retain more than 70% and less than 50%, cell membrane stability values, correspondingly. Leaf anatomy under heat stress causes development of higher leaf area with thinner leaves while leaves that develop under drought generally have smaller cells with higher stomatal density. Under heat stress chloroplasts become round and stretched from ellipse-shaped with destroyed wrappers and fully developed grana lamella become loosely organized with abundant layer on it. The appearance of more osmiophilic particles occurred, thylakoids also become inflated and resultantly chloroplasts swelled to altered extents and some of their external membranes vanished entirely at advanced periods of pressure. While in the drought stress there was decrease in the number of granal thylakoids of chloroplasts. No starch granules in chloroplast stroma were found under combine stress. Concerning mitochondria, a few multi vesicular body's lipids are formed due to appearance of spoiled double membranes mitochondria, which signposted the process of mitochondria degradation. These discrete membrane variations also befell in nuclei, representing augmented senescence process under heat stress. Under drought, leaf mitochondria were less preserved than normal conditions. But in combine stresses large size mitochondria, devoid of cristae and similar to vacuoles were observed than individual stress.

Biochemical traits are another important constituent for developing heat-and drought-tolerant genotypes with higher yield and disease resistant. But the mechanisms of these mutually stresses on a biochemical basis is not relatively wellunderstood, research on this voyage in wheat is desirable in future. Temperature stress causes membrane injury to wheat due to of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To cope with ROS under heat stress, wheat plant own sequence of detoxification systems to limit oxidative damage by breaking toxic with the help of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase), metabolites (glutathione, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid), and biochemical solutes (proline, glycine betaine, salicylic acid, starch, potassium, and abscisic acid). The buildup of these shields the damage caused by oxidative stress. Moaed et al. [104] estimated antioxidant enzymes and metabolites at three stages of wheat. The varieties that showed significant increase in the activity of these during vegetative and anthesis phase (in the late and very late planting) showed minimum reduction in membrane injury index. Likewise under heat and drought stresses, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase enzymes protect the cellular systems of plants from cytotoxic effects of the active oxygen species. A significant increase effect of superoxide

cell membrane stability, plasma membrane permeability, chloroplast, nuclei,

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

increasing intensity of heat and drought.

**5.3 Anatomical vicissitudes**

**5.4 Biochemical vicissitudes**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

combined stress, respectively. Membrane stability index was affected most by combination of drought and heat stress (60%) than by heat stress (55%) and finally by drought stress (43%). Transpiration rate under high temperature stress compared to control slightly increased. However, drought stress decreased transpiration rate while under combine effect the reduction rate is 60–63% [102, 103]. Photosynthesis is also extremely sensitive under heat and drought prone conditions as the reduction in the ratio and quantity of chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoid occurred upon increasing intensity of heat and drought.

### **5.3 Anatomical vicissitudes**

*Plant Stress Physiology*

spike<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

trends. The first and prime effect harshly diminish sprouting and seedling. After seedling emerged, cell division, cell enlargement, and differentiation are badly affected due to these stresses, which afterward affect the leaf size and plant height. The retrieval does not take place at the advanced periods but may take place at initial phase of both stresses. Remarkably, the decline in leaf size can oblige as heat

Under serious water shortage, cell elongation is subdued by interruption of water drift from the xylem to the development cells resulted in reduced growth due to decrease in mitosis course. This reduction leads to thwart the development of flower production, grain development, and filling due to a attenuation in the activi-

Core cause of grain size and weight is the expansion of maternal cells throughout the grain filling phase, which is major parameter upsetting grain size and weight and it rest on the ear and flag leaf and stem reserves as they deliver the pivotal element (carbon). Heat and drought stresses, causes the reduction of spike length, spikelet

 and biomass and positively correlated with each other and also with grain yield. Jaiswal et al. and Hafiz et al. [97, 98] observed a reducing drift in root length ranged from 7.2 to 23.0 cm (normal) and from 5.3 to 17.7 cm (drought) and shoot length from 13.2 to 29.2 cm (normal) and from 11.0 to 25.2 cm (drought) while the root/shoot length ratio ranged from 0.27 to 0.94 (normal) and from 0.29 to 0.92 (drought) among all tested genotypes. Hasan et al. [99] observed root and shoot length under different temperature regimes, the lowest values (2.8 and 1.14 cm) was attained at 15°C, optimum (11.5 and 9.03 cm) at 25°C and thereafter decreased trend (6.41 and 7.53 cm) at 35°C, respectively in all tested wheat genotypes. The increase in temperature, the shoot-to-root ratio was also increased because the adverse effect of higher temperature (35°C) on root length was more than that on shoot length.

Normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and canopy temperature (CT) are good physiological pointer of a genotype's suitability against heat and drought stress environment and these traits may be used as morphological selection tools for developing heat and drought stress-tolerant genotypes. For appraisal of physiological diversity in wheat genotypes under heat and drought environments, [100] revealed the positive correlation of yield with NDVI at booting and anthesis and negative correlation with CT at same stages. A positive association of NDVI advocated the existence of stay-green while negative array of CT at both stages supported cooler canopies genotypes. Likewise, [101] clarified same results for these physiological traits while working on wheat local land races for consecutive 3 years

Under heat and drought stress conditions, wheat plants improve canopy temperature by closing their stomata swiftly, which resulted in reduced transpiration and water loss. This reduction in stomatal opening causes low amount of CO2 fixation that lead to reduction in photosynthesis and ultimately chlorophyll content. This reduction resulted due to structural and then adjacent changes in chloroplasts, which ultimately disrupt chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. As compared to 100% control, heat, drought, and combine stress reduces photosynthesis rate by 19, 11, and 79%. Relative water content, membrane stability, and osmotic potential are maintained by osmoregulation physiological mechanism, which losses their viability under both stresses. As an indicator of water status, relative water content is the meaningful determinant of heat and drought tolerance because it signifying the membrane stability and balance between water supply and evapotranspiration. The relative water content was reduced by 55, 26, and 61% under drought, heat, and

as genetic resources for yield potential and heat tolerance.

and drought avoidance mechanism because it abridged transpiration.

ties of sucrose and starch synthesis enzymes.

**5.2 Physiological vicissitudes**

**14**

Anatomical changes like reduced leaf anatomy, cell size, damage in mesophyll, cell membrane stability, plasma membrane permeability, chloroplast, nuclei, changes in xylem and phloem are vital reflection under both stresses. Cell membrane stability shields the plant from ROS that causes significantly decrease in membrane stability under both stresses. Tolerant and susceptible genotypes retain more than 70% and less than 50%, cell membrane stability values, correspondingly. Leaf anatomy under heat stress causes development of higher leaf area with thinner leaves while leaves that develop under drought generally have smaller cells with higher stomatal density. Under heat stress chloroplasts become round and stretched from ellipse-shaped with destroyed wrappers and fully developed grana lamella become loosely organized with abundant layer on it. The appearance of more osmiophilic particles occurred, thylakoids also become inflated and resultantly chloroplasts swelled to altered extents and some of their external membranes vanished entirely at advanced periods of pressure. While in the drought stress there was decrease in the number of granal thylakoids of chloroplasts. No starch granules in chloroplast stroma were found under combine stress. Concerning mitochondria, a few multi vesicular body's lipids are formed due to appearance of spoiled double membranes mitochondria, which signposted the process of mitochondria degradation. These discrete membrane variations also befell in nuclei, representing augmented senescence process under heat stress. Under drought, leaf mitochondria were less preserved than normal conditions. But in combine stresses large size mitochondria, devoid of cristae and similar to vacuoles were observed than individual stress.

### **5.4 Biochemical vicissitudes**

Biochemical traits are another important constituent for developing heat-and drought-tolerant genotypes with higher yield and disease resistant. But the mechanisms of these mutually stresses on a biochemical basis is not relatively wellunderstood, research on this voyage in wheat is desirable in future. Temperature stress causes membrane injury to wheat due to of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To cope with ROS under heat stress, wheat plant own sequence of detoxification systems to limit oxidative damage by breaking toxic with the help of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase), metabolites (glutathione, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid), and biochemical solutes (proline, glycine betaine, salicylic acid, starch, potassium, and abscisic acid). The buildup of these shields the damage caused by oxidative stress. Moaed et al. [104] estimated antioxidant enzymes and metabolites at three stages of wheat. The varieties that showed significant increase in the activity of these during vegetative and anthesis phase (in the late and very late planting) showed minimum reduction in membrane injury index. Likewise under heat and drought stresses, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase enzymes protect the cellular systems of plants from cytotoxic effects of the active oxygen species. A significant increase effect of superoxide

dismutase (12–52% and 28%) and peroxidase (40–44% and 21%) enzymes was renowned under heat and drought stresses, respectively [105, 106]. Likewise, biochemical solutes are accumulated that gives advantage to wheat plant against under heat and drought stresses. Among all, proline, glycine betaine, and salicylic acid are key biochemicals that are significantly accumulated in plants including wheat when exposed to heat and drought. The higher accumulation of three forages reactive oxygen species conveys strong antioxidant defense system, increased relative water content, reduces the rate of transpiration and membrane injury. That is why, to reduce the effect of heat and drought stress, exogenous application of glycine betaine and salicylic acid has been found [107]. Amarshettiwar and Berad [108] revealed that biochemical and yield traits of wheat were significantly influenced by heat stress with regard to values of increase in proline contents and decrease in starch contents albumins, globulins, and yield contributing traits. ABA is a naturally occurring compound that helps to regulate plant growth and development. The ABA level increased during heat and especially drought stresses and is therefore an essential arbitrator as it refunded the plant to pre stress condition. Quarrie and Jones [109] exogenously applied ABA to investigate its effects on the changing penalties of water under stress and found that ABA application decreased the mean cell size, increased the production of trichomes, and reduced the number of stomata. These changes reduce the transpiration rate and ultimately bound the water losses. Likewise under heat stress, little is known about ABA accumulation in wheat regardless of the fact that its level is increased however, enhanced levels of ABA in leaves increased leaf resistance under high (38°C) air temperature, which play an important role in thermo-tolerance. Zhao et al. [110] six heat-induced MYB genes in wheat and studies their gene regulation by exogenous abscisic acid under heat stress scenario. By heat stress (40°C), the expression of the two MYB out of six was not vividly up delimited by application of exogenous ABA levels.

In addition, internal and external signals were the chief basis of transit surge in the calcium concentrations inside the cytosol in supporting the normal level of Ca2+ under heat stress. This sustainability resulted in transduction of heat shocks proteins (calmodulin, calcineurin, and annexin), which induces the thermos tolerance defensive ability in wheat. A total of 39 heat shock proteins and 33 drought stress-responsive proteins are identified in different wheat cultivars, which trigger, maintain, and recover stresses [111]. The heat shock proteins are further classified in to five groups (Hsp100, Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp60, and small Hsps) on the bases of their molecular masses. Late embryogenesis abundant protein represent a wide range adaptation to water deficit involved in desiccation tolerance and slow down the rate of water losses under drought condition These are accumulated at later stages and are classified in to seven groups on the basis of specific domain. Transgenic approaches showed that over expression of these proteins improve abiotic stresses especially drought in wheat. However, their exact and precise molecular function is not clear yet.

### **5.5 Phenological vicissitudes**

To stirring heat and drought stresses multi-modeling collaborative phenological approaches were experienced. The acquaintance of the duration, timing, and sequence of growing changes in wheat is vital for effective management else it has generous errors. Many models can predict phenology accurately built on the main driver of temperature and/or directly spoke these retorts to drought and appropriate photoperiod. Under heat and drought conditions, phenological vicissitudes are utmost significant attribute intricate in adaptation and final yield because these stresses effects are apparent at all development stages of wheat. Wheat threshold temperature at germination (10–30°C), vegetative, reproductive (15°C), and post anthesis (35°C) phases cause

**17**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

irrevocable hurt to plant growth and development. During the first week of growth, under heat stress (45°C), hang-up of germination leads to cell death and embryo damage. At vegetative phase sizzling, sun-burning, senescence and abscission of leaves, twigs, stems, stunted plant height and less tillers and finally reduced biomass results. During reproductive phase of terminal heat stress intense discount occur in fertilization efficiency due to pollen grains damage, reduced number and weight of grains

maturation eventually resulted in reduced number, weight of grains spike<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

stress tillering, booting, and grain filling phenological stages.

response to heat, drought, and in combination after anthesis.

Oviedo et al. [113] estimated the grain production was reduced 23, 42, and 9% at water

The correlation of growing degree days with the phenology of wheat plant is a best climate impact indicator. High temperature attached with increase magnitude dry spell causes sweeping changes on wheat phenology reliant upon stage, time, duration, and rate of stresses occurrence. Heat shocks and early monsoon shifted the wheat sowing as compared to past scenario. For instances, under both heat and drought shortening the length of vegetative and reproductive phases allow the crop to escape the stresses. Therefore, early flowering, long grain filling period and late maturity period should be taking into account while selecting under these stresses

Heat and drought are determinant factors on wheat end-use quality. Under amplified temperature protein quantity, which persisted high due to intensity of essential amino acids, sedimentation index, and condense effect. Dough strength however is reduced due to early maturity, which resulted in shortened duration of glutenin synthesis [114]. Similarly, under drought condition, valorimetric value, protein, and starch are negatively affected, which ultimately effect dough properties for bread making [115]. Balla et al. [116] found that both drought and heat in combination or drought alone have a much greater influence on a better protein ratio than heat alone. In case of drought alone a noteworthy negative correlation was pragmatic between granule sizes of starch and relative protein content telltale that this parameter contributes significantly for the baking quality of the flour because heat stress can reduce grain set and combined with abscisic acid build up can increase the response compared to just one stress. All this suggest that effects of heat and drought stresses are beneficial for some quality traits like ash and protein but on the outlay of seed yield because quality and quantity have inversely proportional with each other. Therefore, evaluation, selection, and development under these three environments should be done with average good quality traits to meet end user requirement. Among protein components (glutenin, gliadin, and albumins-globulins), albumins-globulins have only a trivial impact on the dough quality but glutenin and gliadin are responsible for the flexibility and extensibility of the dough. They reported reduction in the glutenin and gliadin proportion of the flour while the ratio of albumins and globulins did not increase proportionately in

 due to less anthesis, reduces the grain filling period and early maturity which finally resulted in reduced harvest index [112]. Akbar et al. [5] found cutback in grain yield from 7.7 to 15.7% for every 1°C ascend in mean air temperature during booting to maturity phasic development. Similarly under drought stress condition, water-use efficiency increased at early stage of stress. At vegetative stage causes multiple effects are visible such as stomatal closure, reduced swelling, loss of leaves, reduction in tillering and sheath and prevention of some tillers from producing spikes. At reproductive phase, flowering occurs starting in the apical part of the spike chiefly on the main stem and decline in transpiration due to relative evapotranspiration deficit and the period of

and yield.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

spike<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

on phenological bases.

**5.6 Physiochemical quality vicissitudes**

### *Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

irrevocable hurt to plant growth and development. During the first week of growth, under heat stress (45°C), hang-up of germination leads to cell death and embryo damage. At vegetative phase sizzling, sun-burning, senescence and abscission of leaves, twigs, stems, stunted plant height and less tillers and finally reduced biomass results. During reproductive phase of terminal heat stress intense discount occur in fertilization efficiency due to pollen grains damage, reduced number and weight of grains spike<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> due to less anthesis, reduces the grain filling period and early maturity which finally resulted in reduced harvest index [112]. Akbar et al. [5] found cutback in grain yield from 7.7 to 15.7% for every 1°C ascend in mean air temperature during booting to maturity phasic development. Similarly under drought stress condition, water-use efficiency increased at early stage of stress. At vegetative stage causes multiple effects are visible such as stomatal closure, reduced swelling, loss of leaves, reduction in tillering and sheath and prevention of some tillers from producing spikes. At reproductive phase, flowering occurs starting in the apical part of the spike chiefly on the main stem and decline in transpiration due to relative evapotranspiration deficit and the period of maturation eventually resulted in reduced number, weight of grains spike<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> and yield. Oviedo et al. [113] estimated the grain production was reduced 23, 42, and 9% at water stress tillering, booting, and grain filling phenological stages.

The correlation of growing degree days with the phenology of wheat plant is a best climate impact indicator. High temperature attached with increase magnitude dry spell causes sweeping changes on wheat phenology reliant upon stage, time, duration, and rate of stresses occurrence. Heat shocks and early monsoon shifted the wheat sowing as compared to past scenario. For instances, under both heat and drought shortening the length of vegetative and reproductive phases allow the crop to escape the stresses. Therefore, early flowering, long grain filling period and late maturity period should be taking into account while selecting under these stresses on phenological bases.

### **5.6 Physiochemical quality vicissitudes**

Heat and drought are determinant factors on wheat end-use quality. Under amplified temperature protein quantity, which persisted high due to intensity of essential amino acids, sedimentation index, and condense effect. Dough strength however is reduced due to early maturity, which resulted in shortened duration of glutenin synthesis [114]. Similarly, under drought condition, valorimetric value, protein, and starch are negatively affected, which ultimately effect dough properties for bread making [115]. Balla et al. [116] found that both drought and heat in combination or drought alone have a much greater influence on a better protein ratio than heat alone. In case of drought alone a noteworthy negative correlation was pragmatic between granule sizes of starch and relative protein content telltale that this parameter contributes significantly for the baking quality of the flour because heat stress can reduce grain set and combined with abscisic acid build up can increase the response compared to just one stress. All this suggest that effects of heat and drought stresses are beneficial for some quality traits like ash and protein but on the outlay of seed yield because quality and quantity have inversely proportional with each other. Therefore, evaluation, selection, and development under these three environments should be done with average good quality traits to meet end user requirement. Among protein components (glutenin, gliadin, and albumins-globulins), albumins-globulins have only a trivial impact on the dough quality but glutenin and gliadin are responsible for the flexibility and extensibility of the dough. They reported reduction in the glutenin and gliadin proportion of the flour while the ratio of albumins and globulins did not increase proportionately in response to heat, drought, and in combination after anthesis.

*Plant Stress Physiology*

under heat stress.

**5.5 Phenological vicissitudes**

dismutase (12–52% and 28%) and peroxidase (40–44% and 21%) enzymes was renowned under heat and drought stresses, respectively [105, 106]. Likewise, biochemical solutes are accumulated that gives advantage to wheat plant against under heat and drought stresses. Among all, proline, glycine betaine, and salicylic acid are key biochemicals that are significantly accumulated in plants including wheat when exposed to heat and drought. The higher accumulation of three forages reactive oxygen species conveys strong antioxidant defense system, increased relative water content, reduces the rate of transpiration and membrane injury. That is why, to reduce the effect of heat and drought stress, exogenous application of glycine betaine and salicylic acid has been found [107]. Amarshettiwar and Berad [108] revealed that biochemical and yield traits of wheat were significantly influenced by heat stress with regard to values of increase in proline contents and decrease in starch contents albumins, globulins, and yield contributing traits. ABA is a naturally occurring compound that helps to regulate plant growth and development. The ABA level increased during heat and especially drought stresses and is therefore an essential arbitrator as it refunded the plant to pre stress condition. Quarrie and Jones [109] exogenously applied ABA to investigate its effects on the changing penalties of water under stress and found that ABA application decreased the mean cell size, increased the production of trichomes, and reduced the number of stomata. These changes reduce the transpiration rate and ultimately bound the water losses. Likewise under heat stress, little is known about ABA accumulation in wheat regardless of the fact that its level is increased however, enhanced levels of ABA in leaves increased leaf resistance under high (38°C) air temperature, which play an important role in thermo-tolerance. Zhao et al. [110] six heat-induced MYB genes in wheat and studies their gene regulation by exogenous abscisic acid under heat stress scenario. By heat stress (40°C), the expression of the two MYB out of six

was not vividly up delimited by application of exogenous ABA levels.

In addition, internal and external signals were the chief basis of transit surge in the calcium concentrations inside the cytosol in supporting the normal level of Ca2+

(calmodulin, calcineurin, and annexin), which induces the thermos tolerance defensive ability in wheat. A total of 39 heat shock proteins and 33 drought stress-responsive proteins are identified in different wheat cultivars, which trigger, maintain, and recover stresses [111]. The heat shock proteins are further classified in to five groups (Hsp100, Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp60, and small Hsps) on the bases of their molecular masses. Late embryogenesis abundant protein represent a wide range adaptation to water deficit involved in desiccation tolerance and slow down the rate of water losses under drought condition These are accumulated at later stages and are classified in to seven groups on the basis of specific domain. Transgenic approaches showed that over expression of these proteins improve abiotic stresses especially drought in

wheat. However, their exact and precise molecular function is not clear yet.

To stirring heat and drought stresses multi-modeling collaborative phenological approaches were experienced. The acquaintance of the duration, timing, and sequence of growing changes in wheat is vital for effective management else it has generous errors. Many models can predict phenology accurately built on the main driver of temperature and/or directly spoke these retorts to drought and appropriate photoperiod. Under heat and drought conditions, phenological vicissitudes are utmost significant attribute intricate in adaptation and final yield because these stresses effects are apparent at all development stages of wheat. Wheat threshold temperature at germination (10–30°C), vegetative, reproductive (15°C), and post anthesis (35°C) phases cause

This sustainability resulted in transduction of heat shocks proteins

**16**

## **6. Conclusions**


### **Acknowledgement**

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from textbook and academic association and harvest plus international.

## **Author details**

Muhammad Zulkiffal\*, Aneela Ahsan, Javed Ahmed, Muhammad Musa, Amna Kanwal, Muhammad Saleem, Javed Anwar, Aziz ur Rehman, Sadia Ajmal, Saima Gulnaz and Muhammad Makky Javaid Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan

\*Address all correspondence to: zulkiffal@yahoo.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**19**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

environments in Pakistan.

2017;**26**(7):4602-4605

2011;**17**:997-1012

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin.

[9] Asseng S, Foster I, Turner NC. The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biology.

[10] Castro M, Peterson CJ, Rizza MD, Dellavalle PD, Vazquez D, Ibanez V, et al. Influence of heat stress on wheat grain characteristics and protein molecular weight distribution. In: Buck HT, Nisi JE, Salomon N, editors. Wheat Production in Stressed Environment. Dordrecht: Springer; 2007. pp. 365-371

[11] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change. Geneva; 2007

drought-tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to water stress. Plant Science. 2018;**272**:276-293. DOI:

[13] Yu L, Niu L, Fu J, Wang F, Zhao S, Lu L, et al. Selection and breeding of drought resistant, water-saving and high-yield wheat variety cangmai 028. Asian Agricultural Research. 2017;**9**:33- 38. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.257326

[14] Li Q, Wang Z, Li D, Wei J, Qiao W, Meng X, et al. Evaluation of a new method for quantification of heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. Journal of Integrative Agriculture.

2018;**17**(4):786-795

2000;**15**(S1):113-117

[15] Zhao SS, Wang FZ, Lu L, Zhang HY, Zhang XY. Breeding and selection of drought resistant and salt-tolerant wheat variety Cang 6001. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica.

[12] Ling H, Yan X, Shoujin F, Zongshuai W, Fahong W, Bin Z, et al. Comparative analysis of root transcriptome profiles between

10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.036

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

[1] Population Reference Bureau (PRB). World Population Data Sheet. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau (PRB); 2008. Available from: https://www.prb.org/2008wpds/

[2] Wang JP, Raman H, Zhou MX, Ryan PR, Delhaize E, Hebb DM, et al. Interaction between drought and chronic high temperature during kernel filling in wheat in a controlled environment. Annals of Botany.

[3] Liu B, Liu L, Cao W, Zhu Y,

[4] Sareen S, Tyagi BS, Sarial AK, Tiwari V, Sharma I. Trait analysis, diversity, and genotype × environment interaction in some wheat landraces evaluated under drought and heat stress conditions. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research.

[5] Akbar H, Jaime A, Teixeira DS, Marina VL, Vacheslav PZ. High temperature combined with drought affect rainfed spring wheat and barley in South-Eastern Russia: Phenology and growth. Saudi Journal of Biological

[6] Anonymous. Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal. 2019. Available from: https://aari.punjab.gov.

[7] Lesk C, Rowhani P, Ramankutty N. Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production. Nature.

Gul A, Akbar KF, Bashir H, et al. Yield reduction analysis of bread wheat under heat stress at two different

Sciences. 2012;**19**:473-487

pk/crop\_varieties\_wheat

[8] Jamil M, Ali A, Ghafoor A,

2016;**529**:84-87

Asseng S. Post heading heat stress and yield impact in winter wheat in China. Global Change Biology.

2007;**90**:469-476

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2014;**20**(20):s372-381

2014;**74**(2):135-142

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

### **References**

*Plant Stress Physiology*

**6. Conclusions**

bloom in these syndromes.

forecasting should be used.

**18**

**Author details**

**Acknowledgement**

Muhammad Zulkiffal\*, Aneela Ahsan, Javed Ahmed, Muhammad Musa,

Saima Gulnaz and Muhammad Makky Javaid

provided the original work is properly cited.

Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan

\*Address all correspondence to: zulkiffal@yahoo.com

academic association and harvest plus international.

Amna Kanwal, Muhammad Saleem, Javed Anwar, Aziz ur Rehman, Sadia Ajmal,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

1.The best step forward and future predominant ultimate approaches are imperative to develop new wheat varieties for more tolerant against these two robust episodes. The identification, characterization, and screening of broad based genetic resources through conventional breeding along with the use of modern genetics protocols and agronomic management will pave the way for efficient and accurate screening at each phonological stage of wheat. Controlling patterns for accountabilities of risk management and valuation must be framed regarding transgenic wheat development for these two stress factors.

2.Crop modeling system testing (in natural and artificial buoyant environments) for susceptible zones are still a big room for understanding the genetic and environmental interactions and improvement of all the mechanisms which

3.Heat and drought are major drivers of climate variability, can last much longer than other weather events and cannot be detect easily especially in combination. For understanding their vigilance, a reliable decision-support system and

4.For exploiting reliability and genetic stability for wheat yield both stresses should be contemplated together for traits having the main influence on yield. Therefore, a win-win possibility is a holistic attitude in future. In more prone areas however, if the problem does not resolve, relocating to new areas and

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from textbook and

growing different crops are the alternative range of options.

[1] Population Reference Bureau (PRB). World Population Data Sheet. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau (PRB); 2008. Available from: https://www.prb.org/2008wpds/

[2] Wang JP, Raman H, Zhou MX, Ryan PR, Delhaize E, Hebb DM, et al. Interaction between drought and chronic high temperature during kernel filling in wheat in a controlled environment. Annals of Botany. 2007;**90**:469-476

[3] Liu B, Liu L, Cao W, Zhu Y, Asseng S. Post heading heat stress and yield impact in winter wheat in China. Global Change Biology. 2014;**20**(20):s372-381

[4] Sareen S, Tyagi BS, Sarial AK, Tiwari V, Sharma I. Trait analysis, diversity, and genotype × environment interaction in some wheat landraces evaluated under drought and heat stress conditions. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 2014;**74**(2):135-142

[5] Akbar H, Jaime A, Teixeira DS, Marina VL, Vacheslav PZ. High temperature combined with drought affect rainfed spring wheat and barley in South-Eastern Russia: Phenology and growth. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2012;**19**:473-487

[6] Anonymous. Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal. 2019. Available from: https://aari.punjab.gov. pk/crop\_varieties\_wheat

[7] Lesk C, Rowhani P, Ramankutty N. Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production. Nature. 2016;**529**:84-87

[8] Jamil M, Ali A, Ghafoor A, Gul A, Akbar KF, Bashir H, et al. Yield reduction analysis of bread wheat under heat stress at two different

environments in Pakistan. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2017;**26**(7):4602-4605

[9] Asseng S, Foster I, Turner NC. The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biology. 2011;**17**:997-1012

[10] Castro M, Peterson CJ, Rizza MD, Dellavalle PD, Vazquez D, Ibanez V, et al. Influence of heat stress on wheat grain characteristics and protein molecular weight distribution. In: Buck HT, Nisi JE, Salomon N, editors. Wheat Production in Stressed Environment. Dordrecht: Springer; 2007. pp. 365-371

[11] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change. Geneva; 2007

[12] Ling H, Yan X, Shoujin F, Zongshuai W, Fahong W, Bin Z, et al. Comparative analysis of root transcriptome profiles between drought-tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to water stress. Plant Science. 2018;**272**:276-293. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.036

[13] Yu L, Niu L, Fu J, Wang F, Zhao S, Lu L, et al. Selection and breeding of drought resistant, water-saving and high-yield wheat variety cangmai 028. Asian Agricultural Research. 2017;**9**:33- 38. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.257326

[14] Li Q, Wang Z, Li D, Wei J, Qiao W, Meng X, et al. Evaluation of a new method for quantification of heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2018;**17**(4):786-795

[15] Zhao SS, Wang FZ, Lu L, Zhang HY, Zhang XY. Breeding and selection of drought resistant and salt-tolerant wheat variety Cang 6001. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica. 2000;**15**(S1):113-117

[16] Yu L, Wang W, Niu L, Wang W, Lu L, Wang FW, et al. A New Cultivation Technique of Cangmai 6005 for High Yield in Cangzhou Dry-Alkali Land. Asian Agricultural Research: USA-China Science and Culture Media Corporation; 2018. Available from: https://ideas.repec. org/a/ags/asagre/273103.html

[17] Zhang HF, Wang L, Junli DA, Zhao C, Bao Y, Yang WH. Conditional and unconditional qtl mapping of drought-tolerance-related traits of wheat seedling using two related RIL populations. Journal of Genetics. 2013;**92**(2):213-231

[18] Anonymous. Status Paper on Wheat 2014-15. Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, India: Directorate of wheat development, Ministry of Agriculture, C.G.O. Complex; 2015

[19] Degu WT. High yielding wheat varieties with heat and drought tolerance. Research brief 2 Science matter ICARDA, Lebanon; 2015

[20] Dhyani K, Ansari MW, Rao YR, Verma RS, Shukla A, Tuteja N. Comparative physiological response of wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress. Plant Signal And Behavior. 2013;**8**(6):e24564

[21] Gupta A, Singh C, Kumar V, Tyagi BS, Tiwari V, Chatrath R, et al. Wheat Varieties Notified in India Since 1965. Karnal-132001, India: ICAR-Indian Inst. Wheat & Barley Research; 2018. pp. 41-54

[22] Gupta A, Kumar V, Singh C, Tiwari V. Development and release of new wheat and barley varieties for different zones and states. Journal of Wheat Research. 2017;**9**(1):68-71

[23] Shyamal KT, Md A, Kolluru V, Jesse P, Pagadala VVP, Robert B, et al. Mapping QTL for the traits associated with heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). BMC Genetics. 2014;**15**(97):1-13

[24] Iljina LG, Galkin AN, Kuzmenko AL. Catalogue of Spring Wheat Varieties Bred. Leningrad VIR: Agricultural Research Institute of Southeast; 1986. p. 126

[25] Morgounov A, McNab A, Campbell KG, Parada R. Increasing wheat production in central Asia through science and international cooperation. In: Proceeding of the First Central Asian Wheat Confer. 2003. pp. 1-181. ISBN: 970-648-130-3

[26] Morgunov AI. Wheat and Wheat Breeding in Former USSR. Wheat Special Report No. 13. CIMMYT: Mexico, DF; 1992

[27] Jourdan MB, Rudd J, Trostle C, Neely C. Wheat variety Characteristics Varieties Planted in the Texas High Plains Uniform Variety Trials. Texas A & M. Agri Life Extension; 2016-17. Available from: https://amarillo.tamu. edu/files/2017/08/2016-2017-Wheat-Variety-Charactersitics.pdf

[28] Reddy SK, Liu S, Rudd JC, Xue Q, Payton P, Finlayson SA, et al. Physiology and transcriptomics of water-deficit stress responses in wheat cultivars TAM 111 and TAM 112. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2014;**171**(14):1289-1298

[29] Ashe P, Shaterian H, Akhov L, Kulkarni M, Selvaraj G. Contrasting root and photosynthesis traits in a large-acreage Canadian durum variety and its distant parent of Algerian origin for assembling drought/heat tolerance attributes. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2017;**5**(121):1-10

[30] De B, Henry J, Lonnet Y, Hertzog P, Hespel R. Florin: A doubled haploid wheat variety developed by the anther culture method. Plant Breeding. 1987;**98**:53-56

[31] Fleury D. Accelerating drought tolerance in wheat. Agronomy and plant breeding. Top crop manager. Plant Biology. 2018;**41**:1261-1269

**21**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

rainfed region. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 2013;**23**(3):833-839

[40] Muhammad I, Zubeda P, Abdul G, Niaz H, Muneer A, Muhammad A, et al. Fakhar-E-Bhkkar—a high yielding, temperature stress tolerant and rust resistant spring bread wheat variety. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences.

[41] Saifullah K, Jahangir K. Drought tolerant wheat cultivar (raj) for rainfed areas of KPK, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences.

[42] Sajid R, Waheed A, Sheraz A, Manzoor H, Muhammad T, Abid M, et al. S-09: A high yielding and rust resistant wheat (*Triticum aestivum* l.) variety for rainfed areas of Punjab. Journal of Agricultural Research.

[43] Shamsul I. Scientists Develop 'Gold-16': A Heat-Tolerant, High-Yield Wheat Variety. The Express Tribune; 2017. Available from: https://tribune.com.pk/ story/1463405/scientists-develop-gold-16-heat-tolerant-high-yield-wheat-

[44] Tariq M, Mahmood A, Mian MA, Cheema NM, Sabar M, Ihsan M, et al. Dharabi-11: A new high yielding drought and disease

tolerant wheat variety. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology.

Muhammad Z, Muhammad IK, Amina B, et al. Fatehjang-2016: A high yielding and rust resistant wheat (*Triticum aestivum* l.) variety for rainfed areas of Punjab. Journal of Agricultural Research. 2018;**56**(3):173-179

[45] Waheed A, Ali N, Shiraz A,

[46] Condon AG, Richards RA, Rebetzke GJ, Farquhar GD. Breeding for high water-use efficiency.

2018;**5**(8):36-45

2010;**47**(4):355-359

2012;**50**(2):189-200

variety/

2013;**15**:701-706

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

[32] Ahmad Z, Mujahid MY, Khan MA, Yasmin S, Asif M, Qamar M. NARC-2009: A high yielding wheat variety for rainfed areas of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research.

[33] Akhtar A, Kamran AJ, Akmal M. Yield comparison of potential wheat varieties by delay sowing as rainfed crop for Peshawar climate. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 2017;**33**(3):480-488

[34] Farooq A, Khan AJ, Ali A, Muhammad T. NRL 2017: A high a yielding drought tolerant wheat strain

for rainfed areas of NWFP. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture.

high yielding, stress tolerant wheat variety Punjab-2011. Journal of Agricultural Research.

[36] Khan J, Khan S, Khetran MA, Amanullah SN, Islam M, Hanan A, et al. Tijaban-10-a drought tolerant and high yielding wheat variety for rainfed/ sailaba areas of Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2013;**45**(4):1357-1362

[37] Khan MH, Din NU, Khakwani AA, Baloch MS, Zubair M, Khan S, et al. Hashim-8: A short duration, high yielding and disease resistant wheat variety for rain-fed areas of Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and

[38] Krishna DJ, Attiq UR, Ghullam U, Mian FN, Mahreen ZJA, Muhammad K, et al. Acceptance and competitiveness of new improved wheat varieties by smallholder farmers. Journal of Crop Improvement. 2017;**31**(4):608-627

Ihsan M, Ijaz M, Rabbani G, Iqbal MS. Chakwal-50: A high yielding and disease resistant wheat variety for

Biology. 2011;**13**:956-960

[39] Mahmood A, Mian MA,

[35] Ghulam MS, Hussain M, Javed A, Javed A, Muhammad T, Sher BK. Anew

2007;**23**(4):895-898

2014;**52**(3):317-328

2010;**23**(1):1-4

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

[32] Ahmad Z, Mujahid MY, Khan MA, Yasmin S, Asif M, Qamar M. NARC-2009: A high yielding wheat variety for rainfed areas of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research. 2010;**23**(1):1-4

*Plant Stress Physiology*

[16] Yu L, Wang W, Niu L, Wang W, Lu L, Wang FW, et al. A New Cultivation Technique of Cangmai 6005 for High Yield in Cangzhou Dry-Alkali Land. Asian Agricultural Research: USA-China Science and Culture Media Corporation; 2018. Available from: https://ideas.repec.

[24] Iljina LG, Galkin AN,

Southeast; 1986. p. 126

Mexico, DF; 1992

[25] Morgounov A, McNab A, Campbell KG, Parada R. Increasing wheat production in central Asia through science and international cooperation. In: Proceeding of the First Central Asian Wheat Confer. 2003. pp. 1-181. ISBN: 970-648-130-3

Kuzmenko AL. Catalogue of Spring Wheat Varieties Bred. Leningrad VIR: Agricultural Research Institute of

[26] Morgunov AI. Wheat and Wheat Breeding in Former USSR. Wheat Special Report No. 13. CIMMYT:

[27] Jourdan MB, Rudd J, Trostle C, Neely C. Wheat variety Characteristics Varieties Planted in the Texas High Plains Uniform Variety Trials. Texas A & M. Agri Life Extension; 2016-17. Available from: https://amarillo.tamu. edu/files/2017/08/2016-2017-Wheat-

[28] Reddy SK, Liu S, Rudd JC, Xue Q, Payton P, Finlayson SA, et al. Physiology and transcriptomics of water-deficit stress responses in wheat cultivars TAM 111 and TAM 112. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2014;**171**(14):1289-1298

[29] Ashe P, Shaterian H, Akhov L, Kulkarni M, Selvaraj G. Contrasting root and photosynthesis traits in a large-acreage Canadian durum variety and its distant parent of Algerian origin for assembling drought/heat tolerance attributes. Frontiers in Chemistry.

[30] De B, Henry J, Lonnet Y, Hertzog P, Hespel R. Florin: A doubled haploid wheat variety developed by the anther culture method. Plant Breeding. 1987;**98**:53-56

[31] Fleury D. Accelerating drought tolerance in wheat. Agronomy and plant breeding. Top crop manager. Plant

Biology. 2018;**41**:1261-1269

2017;**5**(121):1-10

Variety-Charactersitics.pdf

org/a/ags/asagre/273103.html

2013;**92**(2):213-231

[17] Zhang HF, Wang L, Junli DA, Zhao C, Bao Y, Yang WH. Conditional and unconditional qtl mapping of drought-tolerance-related traits of wheat seedling using two related RIL populations. Journal of Genetics.

[18] Anonymous. Status Paper on Wheat 2014-15. Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, India: Directorate of wheat development, Ministry of Agriculture, C.G.O. Complex; 2015

[19] Degu WT. High yielding wheat varieties with heat and drought tolerance. Research brief 2 Science matter ICARDA, Lebanon; 2015

Rao YR, Verma RS, Shukla A, Tuteja N. Comparative physiological response of wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress. Plant Signal And Behavior.

[20] Dhyani K, Ansari MW,

[21] Gupta A, Singh C, Kumar V, Tyagi BS, Tiwari V, Chatrath R, et al. Wheat Varieties Notified in India Since 1965. Karnal-132001, India: ICAR-Indian Inst. Wheat & Barley Research;

[22] Gupta A, Kumar V, Singh C, Tiwari V. Development and release of new wheat and barley varieties for different zones and states. Journal of Wheat Research. 2017;**9**(1):68-71

[23] Shyamal KT, Md A, Kolluru V, Jesse P, Pagadala VVP, Robert B, et al. Mapping QTL for the traits associated with heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). BMC Genetics. 2014;**15**(97):1-13

2013;**8**(6):e24564

2018. pp. 41-54

**20**

[33] Akhtar A, Kamran AJ, Akmal M. Yield comparison of potential wheat varieties by delay sowing as rainfed crop for Peshawar climate. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 2017;**33**(3):480-488

[34] Farooq A, Khan AJ, Ali A, Muhammad T. NRL 2017: A high a yielding drought tolerant wheat strain for rainfed areas of NWFP. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 2007;**23**(4):895-898

[35] Ghulam MS, Hussain M, Javed A, Javed A, Muhammad T, Sher BK. Anew high yielding, stress tolerant wheat variety Punjab-2011. Journal of Agricultural Research. 2014;**52**(3):317-328

[36] Khan J, Khan S, Khetran MA, Amanullah SN, Islam M, Hanan A, et al. Tijaban-10-a drought tolerant and high yielding wheat variety for rainfed/ sailaba areas of Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2013;**45**(4):1357-1362

[37] Khan MH, Din NU, Khakwani AA, Baloch MS, Zubair M, Khan S, et al. Hashim-8: A short duration, high yielding and disease resistant wheat variety for rain-fed areas of Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2011;**13**:956-960

[38] Krishna DJ, Attiq UR, Ghullam U, Mian FN, Mahreen ZJA, Muhammad K, et al. Acceptance and competitiveness of new improved wheat varieties by smallholder farmers. Journal of Crop Improvement. 2017;**31**(4):608-627

[39] Mahmood A, Mian MA, Ihsan M, Ijaz M, Rabbani G, Iqbal MS. Chakwal-50: A high yielding and disease resistant wheat variety for

rainfed region. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 2013;**23**(3):833-839

[40] Muhammad I, Zubeda P, Abdul G, Niaz H, Muneer A, Muhammad A, et al. Fakhar-E-Bhkkar—a high yielding, temperature stress tolerant and rust resistant spring bread wheat variety. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2018;**5**(8):36-45

[41] Saifullah K, Jahangir K. Drought tolerant wheat cultivar (raj) for rainfed areas of KPK, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2010;**47**(4):355-359

[42] Sajid R, Waheed A, Sheraz A, Manzoor H, Muhammad T, Abid M, et al. S-09: A high yielding and rust resistant wheat (*Triticum aestivum* l.) variety for rainfed areas of Punjab. Journal of Agricultural Research. 2012;**50**(2):189-200

[43] Shamsul I. Scientists Develop 'Gold-16': A Heat-Tolerant, High-Yield Wheat Variety. The Express Tribune; 2017. Available from: https://tribune.com.pk/ story/1463405/scientists-develop-gold-16-heat-tolerant-high-yield-wheatvariety/

[44] Tariq M, Mahmood A, Mian MA, Cheema NM, Sabar M, Ihsan M, et al. Dharabi-11: A new high yielding drought and disease tolerant wheat variety. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2013;**15**:701-706

[45] Waheed A, Ali N, Shiraz A, Muhammad Z, Muhammad IK, Amina B, et al. Fatehjang-2016: A high yielding and rust resistant wheat (*Triticum aestivum* l.) variety for rainfed areas of Punjab. Journal of Agricultural Research. 2018;**56**(3):173-179

[46] Condon AG, Richards RA, Rebetzke GJ, Farquhar GD. Breeding for high water-use efficiency.

Journal of Experimental Botany. 2004;**55**(407):2447-2460

[47] De P, Townley RM, Humphreys TF, Knox RE, Clarke FR, Clarke JM. Lillian hard red spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 2005;**85**:397-401

[48] Dirk HRS. Wheat Varieties Growing 19th Century Australia-a Hand List of Varieties-Waggawagga. Sydney: N.S.W. The Farrer Centre, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Charles Sturt University; 2001

[49] Donald GM, Leary RO. Drought Tolerance of Wheat Varieties. Australian Government: Grain Research and Development Corporation; 2016. Available from: https://grdc.com. au/resources-and-publications/ grdc-update-papers/tab-content/ grdc-update-papers/2016/02/ drought-tolerance-fo-wheat-varieties

[50] Peter M, Don M. NWS Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide. NSW DPI Management. Grain Research and Development Corporation. 2019. Available from: https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au

[51] Trethowan R, Thistlethwaite R, Watson IA. The Heat Tolerance of some Northern Bread Wheat Varieties. Australia: Grains Research Centre, The University of Sydney; 2016. Available from: https://grdc. com.au/resources-and-publications/ grdc-update-papers/tab-content/ grdc-update-papers/2016/03/the-heattolerance-of-some-northern-breadwheat-varieties

[52] Cheng L, Wang Y, He Q, Li H, Zhang X, Zhang F. Comparative proteomics illustrates the complexity of drought resistance mechanisms in two wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) cultivars under dehydration and rehydration. BMC Plant Biology. 2016;**16**(188):1-23

[53] Ahmed M, Kofi NA, Mesut K, Alexey M, Kenan P, Ahmet B, et al. Adoption and Impacts of Improved Winter and Spring Wheat Varieties in Turkey. ICARDA: Syria; 2009. pp. 1-45

[54] Yoruk E, Keles EN, Sefer O, Eraslan M. Salinity and drought stress on barley and wheat cultivars planted in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2018;**39**:943-950

[55] Ahmed N, Alizai NA, Kakar AH, Shah R, Ali M. Mutation breeding: A tool to improve wheat yield and yield components. Life Science International Journal. 2015;**9**(1):3274-3327

[56] Al-Naggar AMM, Shehab-Eldeen MT. Predicted and actual gain from selection for early maturing and high yielding wheat genotypes under water stress conditions. Egypt Journal of Plant Breeding. 2012;**16**(3):73-92

[57] Laghari KA, Sial MA, Arain MA, Khanzada SD, Channa SA. Evaluation of stable wheat mutant lines for yield and yield associated traits. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Science. 2012;**28**(2):124-130

[58] Shkvarnikov PK, Kulik MI. Induction of mutations in wheat. Procedding Indian National Science Academy. 1975;**41**(3):204-217

[59] Hu D, Tang Y, Yuan Z, Wang J. The induction of pollen sporophytes of winter wheat and the development of thenew variety Jinghua No. 1. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 1983;**1**:29-35

[60] Hu Y, Bao RR, Xue XY. The new strain '764' of spring wheat by pollen haploid technique from anther culture. Genetic Manipulation in Crops Newsletter. 1988;**4**:70-85

[61] Pauk J, Kertesz Z, Beke B, Bona L, Csosz M, Matuz J. New winter wheat variety: 'GK Delibab' developed via combining conventional breeding and in vitro andoogenesis. Cereal Research Communications. 1995;**23**:251-256

**23**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

expression in wheat of the arabidopsis thaliana DREB1A gene delays water stress symptoms under greenhouse conditions. Genome. 2004;**47**:493-500

[70] Guo ZK, Wei X, Guo QL, Xiao QP, Tian CG. Comprehensive analysis of the transcription of starch synthesis genes and the transcription factor RSR1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm.

[71] Rooke L, Beke F, Fido R, Barro F, Gras P, Tatham A, et al. Over expression of a gluten protein in transgenic wheat results in greatly increased dough strength. Journal of Cereal Science.

[72] Mao X, Li Y, Zhao S, Zhang J, Lei Q, Meng D, et al. The interactive effects of transgenically overexpressed 1Ax1 with various HMW-GS combinations on dough quality by introgression of exogenous subunits into an elite Chinese wheat variety. PLoS One. 2013;**8**(10):e78451. DOI: 10.1371/

Genome. 2013;**56**(2):115-122

1999;**30**(2):115-120

journal.pone.0078451

2007;**39**(5):377-383

2007;**10**(1):49-56

2000;**100**:319-327

[75] Alvarez ML, Guelman S,

Halford NG, Lustig S, Reggiardo MI, Ryabushkina N, et al. Silencing of HMW glutenins In transgenic wheat expressing extra HMW subunits. Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[73] Sanhe LLJ, Wang N, Wang Y, Yang G, Fang J, Guangyuan HE. Inheritance and expression of copies of transgenes *1Dx5* And*1Ax1* In elite wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) varieties transferred from transgenic wheat through conventional crossing. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica.

[74] Ashraf HF, Khaled SA, Mohamed A. Integration and expression of the highmolecular-weight glutenin subunit DY10 gene into Egyptian wheat. Arab Journal of Biotechnology.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

[62] Abdelsamad A, El-Sayed OE, Ibrahim HF. Development of drought tolerant double haploid wheat using biochemical genetic markers on in vitro culture. Journal of Applied Scientific Research. 2007;**3**(11):1589-1599

[63] Bakhshi N, Sarial AK, Sharma P, Sareen S. Mapping QTLs for grain yield components in wheat under heat stress. PLoS One. 2017;**12**(12):e0189594

[64] Poudel P. Screening of winter wheat double haploid population 'buster' under heat and drought stress [MSc thesis]. USA: Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State

[65] Khurana P, Chauhan H, Khurana N. Characterization and expression of high temperature stress responsive genes in bread wheat. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 2011;**47**(Special

[66] Zang X, Geng X, He KWF, Tian X, Xin M, Yao Y, et al. Overexpression of the wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) Tapepkr2 gene enhances heat and dehydration tolerance in both wheat and arabidopsis. Frontier. Plant Science.

[67] Karolina D, Magdalena Z, Andreas B, Hubert S, Krzysztof K, Michał N. Analysis of wheat gene expression related to the oxidative stress response and signal transduction under short-term osmotic stress. Scientific

[68] Hua Y, Zhang C, Shi W, Chen H. High-throughput sequencing reveals micro RNAs and their targets in response to drought stress in wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.). Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment.

[69] Pellegrineschi A, Reynolds M, Pacheco M, Brito RM, Almeraya R, Kazuko YS, et al. Stress-induced

Reports. 2019;**9**:2743

2019;**1314-3530**:1-7

University; 2016. pp. 1-118

Issue):S94-S97

2018;**9**:1710

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

[62] Abdelsamad A, El-Sayed OE, Ibrahim HF. Development of drought tolerant double haploid wheat using biochemical genetic markers on in vitro culture. Journal of Applied Scientific Research. 2007;**3**(11):1589-1599

*Plant Stress Physiology*

University; 2001

Journal of Experimental Botany.

of Plant Science. 2005;**85**:397-401

[47] De P, Townley RM, Humphreys TF, Knox RE, Clarke FR, Clarke JM. Lillian hard red spring wheat. Canadian Journal Adoption and Impacts of Improved Winter and Spring Wheat Varieties in Turkey. ICARDA: Syria; 2009. pp. 1-45

[54] Yoruk E, Keles EN, Sefer O, Eraslan M. Salinity and drought stress on barley and wheat cultivars planted in Turkey. Journal of Environmental

[55] Ahmed N, Alizai NA, Kakar AH, Shah R, Ali M. Mutation breeding: A tool to improve wheat yield and yield components. Life Science International

[56] Al-Naggar AMM, Shehab-Eldeen MT. Predicted and actual gain from selection for early maturing and high yielding wheat genotypes under water stress conditions. Egypt Journal of Plant

[57] Laghari KA, Sial MA, Arain MA, Khanzada SD, Channa SA. Evaluation of stable wheat mutant lines for yield and yield associated traits. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Science.

Biology. 2018;**39**:943-950

Journal. 2015;**9**(1):3274-3327

Breeding. 2012;**16**(3):73-92

2012;**28**(2):124-130

[58] Shkvarnikov PK, Kulik MI. Induction of mutations in wheat. Procedding Indian National Science Academy. 1975;**41**(3):204-217

[59] Hu D, Tang Y, Yuan Z, Wang J. The induction of pollen sporophytes of winter wheat and the development of thenew variety Jinghua No. 1. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 1983;**1**:29-35

[60] Hu Y, Bao RR, Xue XY. The new strain '764' of spring wheat by pollen haploid technique from anther culture.

[61] Pauk J, Kertesz Z, Beke B, Bona L, Csosz M, Matuz J. New winter wheat variety: 'GK Delibab' developed via combining conventional breeding and in vitro andoogenesis. Cereal Research Communications. 1995;**23**:251-256

Genetic Manipulation in Crops Newsletter. 1988;**4**:70-85

[48] Dirk HRS. Wheat Varieties Growing 19th Century Australia-a Hand List of Varieties-Waggawagga. Sydney: N.S.W. The Farrer Centre, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Charles Sturt

[49] Donald GM, Leary RO. Drought Tolerance of Wheat Varieties. Australian Government: Grain Research and Development Corporation; 2016. Available from: https://grdc.com. au/resources-and-publications/ grdc-update-papers/tab-content/ grdc-update-papers/2016/02/

drought-tolerance-fo-wheat-varieties

[50] Peter M, Don M. NWS Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide. NSW DPI Management. Grain Research and Development Corporation. 2019. Available

from: https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au

[51] Trethowan R, Thistlethwaite R, Watson IA. The Heat Tolerance of some Northern Bread Wheat Varieties. Australia: Grains Research Centre, The University of Sydney; 2016. Available from: https://grdc. com.au/resources-and-publications/ grdc-update-papers/tab-content/ grdc-update-papers/2016/03/the-heattolerance-of-some-northern-bread-

2004;**55**(407):2447-2460

**22**

wheat-varieties

[52] Cheng L, Wang Y, He Q,

Li H, Zhang X, Zhang F. Comparative proteomics illustrates the complexity of drought resistance mechanisms in two wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) cultivars under dehydration and rehydration. BMC Plant Biology. 2016;**16**(188):1-23

[53] Ahmed M, Kofi NA, Mesut K, Alexey M, Kenan P, Ahmet B, et al. [63] Bakhshi N, Sarial AK, Sharma P, Sareen S. Mapping QTLs for grain yield components in wheat under heat stress. PLoS One. 2017;**12**(12):e0189594

[64] Poudel P. Screening of winter wheat double haploid population 'buster' under heat and drought stress [MSc thesis]. USA: Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University; 2016. pp. 1-118

[65] Khurana P, Chauhan H, Khurana N. Characterization and expression of high temperature stress responsive genes in bread wheat. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 2011;**47**(Special Issue):S94-S97

[66] Zang X, Geng X, He KWF, Tian X, Xin M, Yao Y, et al. Overexpression of the wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) Tapepkr2 gene enhances heat and dehydration tolerance in both wheat and arabidopsis. Frontier. Plant Science. 2018;**9**:1710

[67] Karolina D, Magdalena Z, Andreas B, Hubert S, Krzysztof K, Michał N. Analysis of wheat gene expression related to the oxidative stress response and signal transduction under short-term osmotic stress. Scientific Reports. 2019;**9**:2743

[68] Hua Y, Zhang C, Shi W, Chen H. High-throughput sequencing reveals micro RNAs and their targets in response to drought stress in wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.). Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 2019;**1314-3530**:1-7

[69] Pellegrineschi A, Reynolds M, Pacheco M, Brito RM, Almeraya R, Kazuko YS, et al. Stress-induced

expression in wheat of the arabidopsis thaliana DREB1A gene delays water stress symptoms under greenhouse conditions. Genome. 2004;**47**:493-500

[70] Guo ZK, Wei X, Guo QL, Xiao QP, Tian CG. Comprehensive analysis of the transcription of starch synthesis genes and the transcription factor RSR1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm. Genome. 2013;**56**(2):115-122

[71] Rooke L, Beke F, Fido R, Barro F, Gras P, Tatham A, et al. Over expression of a gluten protein in transgenic wheat results in greatly increased dough strength. Journal of Cereal Science. 1999;**30**(2):115-120

[72] Mao X, Li Y, Zhao S, Zhang J, Lei Q, Meng D, et al. The interactive effects of transgenically overexpressed 1Ax1 with various HMW-GS combinations on dough quality by introgression of exogenous subunits into an elite Chinese wheat variety. PLoS One. 2013;**8**(10):e78451. DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0078451

[73] Sanhe LLJ, Wang N, Wang Y, Yang G, Fang J, Guangyuan HE. Inheritance and expression of copies of transgenes *1Dx5* And*1Ax1* In elite wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) varieties transferred from transgenic wheat through conventional crossing. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 2007;**39**(5):377-383

[74] Ashraf HF, Khaled SA, Mohamed A. Integration and expression of the highmolecular-weight glutenin subunit DY10 gene into Egyptian wheat. Arab Journal of Biotechnology. 2007;**10**(1):49-56

[75] Alvarez ML, Guelman S, Halford NG, Lustig S, Reggiardo MI, Ryabushkina N, et al. Silencing of HMW glutenins In transgenic wheat expressing extra HMW subunits. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2000;**100**:319-327

[76] Gupta M, Chawla V, Garg P, Yadav N, Munjal R, Sharma B. Genetic analysis of yield and heat stress related traits in wheat (*Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell*) using microsatellite markers. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 2015;**7**(2):739-744

[77] Barakat MN, Al-Doss AA, Elshafei AA, Moustafa KA. Bulked segregant analysis to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLl) related to heat tolerance at grain filling rate in wheat using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012;**11**(61):12436-12442

[78] Girish CP, Jagadish R, Sindhu S, Priyanka S, Singh NK, Ratan T. Molecular investigations on grain filling rate under terminal heat stress in bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum L.*). African Journal Of Biotechnology. 2013;**12**(28):4439-4445

[79] Yang J, Sears RG, Gill BS, Paulsen GM. Quantitative and molecular characterization of heat tolerance in hexaploid wheat. Euphytica. 2002;**126**:275-282

[80] Mohammadi V, Zali AA, Bihamta MA. Mapping QTLs for heat tolerance in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2008;**10**:261-267

[81] Prabhu KV. Validation of SSR markers linked with drought and heat tolerant QTLs in bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell.)*. International Journal Pure Applied Biosciences. 2017;**5**(5):700-705

[82] Kumari S, Jaiswal V, Mishra VK, Paliwal R, Balyan HS, Gupta PK. QTL mapping for some grain traits in bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology. 2018;**Pl24**(5):909-920

[83] Sharma DK, Torp AM, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen C, Andersen SB. QTLs and

potential candidate genes for heat stress tolerance identified from the mapping populations specifically segregating forFv/Fmin wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2017;**8**:1668

[84] Mason RE, Mondal S, Francis W, Beecher FW, Hays DB. Genetic loci linking improved heat tolerance in wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) to lower leaf and spike temperatures under controlled conditions. Euphytica. 2011;**180**:181-194

[85] Barakat MN, Al-Doss AAA, Elshafei A, Moustafa KA. Identification of new microsatellite marker linked to the grain filling rate as indicator for heat tolerance genes in F2 wheat population. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2011;**2**:104-110

[86] Rajneesh P, Marion SR, Uttam K, Jai PS, Arun JK. QTL mapping of terminal heat tolerance inhexaploid wheat (*T. aestivum* L). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2012;**125**:561-575

[87] Hamid S, Julian DT, Iman L, Huwaida R, Chris B, Andy T, et al. A QTL on the short arm of wheat (*Triticum aestivum L.*) chromosome 3B affects the stability of grain weight in plants exposed to a brief heat shock early in grain filling. BMC Plant Biology. 2016;**16**(100):1-15

[88] Dion B, Matthew R, Daniel M, Ali I, Hayda K, Peter L, et al. Detection of two major grain yield QTLl in bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) under heat, drought and high yield potential environments. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2012;**125**(7):1473-1485

[89] Sadat S, Saeid KA, Bihamta MR, Sepideh T, Ghasem HS, Lotfali GAA. Marker assisted selection for heat tolerance in bread wheat. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013;**21**(8):1181-1189

[90] Golabadi M, Arzani A, Mir MSAM. Identification of microsatellite markers

**25**

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical…*

of wheat (*Triticum aestivum L*.) lines at reproductive stage for heat stress tolerance. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied

Azmat MA, Rizwan M, Maqsood RH, Khan SH. Selection criteria for drought tolerance bread wheat genotypes at seedling stage. Sustainability.

[99] Hasan MA, Ahmed JU, Hossain T, Hossain MM, Ullah MA. Germination characters and seed reserve mobilization during germination of different wheat genotypes under variable temperature regimes. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka.

[100] Zulkiffal M, Ahsan A, Javed A, Aziz R, Muhammad A, Saima G, et al. Appraisal of bread wheat *(Triticum aestivum L.)* genotypes under normal, drought and heat prone environments for morpho-physiological multiplicity and constancy. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research. 2018;**4**(6):1298-1306

[101] Gulnaz S, Zulkiffal M, Sajjad M, Ahmed J, Musa M, Abdullah M, et al. Identifying Pakistani wheat (*Triticum Spp* L.) landraces as genetic resources for yield potential, heat tolerance and rust resistance. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology.

[102] Mirza FQ, Rahmatullah Q, Humaira S. Effects of pre-anthesis drought, heat and their combination on the growth, yield and physiology of diverse wheat (*Triticum aestivum L.*) genotypes varying in sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Scientific Reports.

[103] Katarzyna K, Artur N, Jerzy L. Effect of drought and heat stresses on transpiration and photosynthesis of

Science. 2018;**7**:1350-1357

2019;**11**:1-7

2004;**32**(3&4):97-107

2018;**21**:520-526

2019;**9**:6955

[98] Hafiz GMA, Sajad MLM,

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

associated with grain protein content in durum wheat grown under drought stress at terminal growth stages. Cereal Research Communications.

[91] Kirigwi M, Ginkel VG, Brown GBS,

Mathews KL, McIntyre CL, Olivares VJJ, Chapman SC. Heat and drought adaptive QTL in a wheat population designed to minimize confounding agronomic effects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2010;**121**:1001-1021

[93] Sultan MD, Mia HL, Xingyi W, Guijun Y. Multiple near-isogenic lines targeting a QTLs hotspot of drought tolerance showed contrasting performance under post-anthesis water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science

Journal. 2019;**10**:1-271

[94] Kordenaeej A, Nejad AAN, Shojaeian AA, Lelley T. Mapping QTLs for Yield and Yield Components

under Drought Stress in Bread Wheat. 2007. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/291808129.

[95] Israr A, Niaz A, Habib A, Ullah I. Association mapping of root traits for drought tolerance in bread wheat, wheat improvement, management and utilization. 2017. Available from: https://www.intechopen. com/books/wheat-improvementmanagement-and-utilization/

association-mapping-of-root-traits-fordrought-tolerance-in-bread-wheat

[97] Jaiswal B, Prasad S, Rani R, Singh S, Kumar A, Kumar A, et al. Evaluation

[96] Zhang J, Hao C, Ren Q, Chang X, Liu G. Ruilian Association mapping of dynamic developmental plant in common.

Wheat Planta. 2011;**234**:891-902

Gill GM, Paulsen AKF. Markers associated with a QTL for grain yield in wheat under drought. Molecular

Breeding. 2007;**20**:401-413

[92] Pinto RS, Reynolds MP,

2012;**40**(2):215-224

*Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum *L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92378*

associated with grain protein content in durum wheat grown under drought stress at terminal growth stages. Cereal Research Communications. 2012;**40**(2):215-224

*Plant Stress Physiology*

2015;**7**(2):739-744

[76] Gupta M, Chawla V, Garg P, Yadav N, Munjal R, Sharma B. Genetic analysis of yield and heat stress related traits in wheat (*Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell*) using microsatellite markers. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. potential candidate genes for heat stress tolerance identified from the mapping populations specifically segregating forFv/Fmin wheat. Frontiers in Plant

[84] Mason RE, Mondal S, Francis W, Beecher FW, Hays DB. Genetic loci linking improved heat tolerance in wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) to lower leaf and spike temperatures under controlled conditions. Euphytica.

[85] Barakat MN, Al-Doss AAA,

Elshafei A, Moustafa KA. Identification of new microsatellite marker linked to the grain filling rate as indicator for heat tolerance genes in F2 wheat population. Australian Journal of Crop Science.

[86] Rajneesh P, Marion SR, Uttam K, Jai PS, Arun JK. QTL mapping of terminal heat tolerance inhexaploid wheat (*T. aestivum* L). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2012;**125**:561-575

Iman L, Huwaida R, Chris B, Andy T, et al. A QTL on the short arm of wheat (*Triticum aestivum L.*) chromosome 3B affects the stability of grain weight in plants exposed to a brief heat shock early in grain filling. BMC Plant Biology.

[88] Dion B, Matthew R, Daniel M, Ali I, Hayda K, Peter L, et al. Detection of two major grain yield QTLl in bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) under heat, drought and high yield potential environments. Theoretical and Applied

Genetics. 2012;**125**(7):1473-1485

[89] Sadat S, Saeid KA, Bihamta MR, Sepideh T, Ghasem HS, Lotfali GAA. Marker assisted selection for heat tolerance in bread wheat. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013;**21**(8):1181-1189

[90] Golabadi M, Arzani A, Mir MSAM. Identification of microsatellite markers

Science. 2017;**8**:1668

2011;**180**:181-194

2011;**2**:104-110

[87] Hamid S, Julian DT,

2016;**16**(100):1-15

[77] Barakat MN, Al-Doss AA, Elshafei AA, Moustafa KA. Bulked

quantitative trait loci (QTLl) related to heat tolerance at grain filling rate in wheat using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012;**11**(61):12436-12442

[78] Girish CP, Jagadish R, Sindhu S, Priyanka S, Singh NK, Ratan T.

Molecular investigations on grain filling rate under terminal heat stress in bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum L.*). African Journal Of Biotechnology.

Paulsen GM. Quantitative and molecular characterization of heat tolerance in hexaploid wheat. Euphytica.

segregant analysis to detect

2013;**12**(28):4439-4445

2002;**126**:275-282

2008;**10**:261-267

2017;**5**(5):700-705

2018;**Pl24**(5):909-920

[79] Yang J, Sears RG, Gill BS,

[80] Mohammadi V, Zali AA, Bihamta MA. Mapping QTLs for heat tolerance in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology.

[81] Prabhu KV. Validation of SSR markers linked with drought and heat tolerant QTLs in bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell.)*. International Journal Pure Applied Biosciences.

[82] Kumari S, Jaiswal V, Mishra VK, Paliwal R, Balyan HS, Gupta PK. QTL mapping for some grain traits in bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology.

[83] Sharma DK, Torp AM, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen C, Andersen SB. QTLs and

**24**

[91] Kirigwi M, Ginkel VG, Brown GBS, Gill GM, Paulsen AKF. Markers associated with a QTL for grain yield in wheat under drought. Molecular Breeding. 2007;**20**:401-413

[92] Pinto RS, Reynolds MP, Mathews KL, McIntyre CL, Olivares VJJ, Chapman SC. Heat and drought adaptive QTL in a wheat population designed to minimize confounding agronomic effects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2010;**121**:1001-1021

[93] Sultan MD, Mia HL, Xingyi W, Guijun Y. Multiple near-isogenic lines targeting a QTLs hotspot of drought tolerance showed contrasting performance under post-anthesis water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science Journal. 2019;**10**:1-271

[94] Kordenaeej A, Nejad AAN, Shojaeian AA, Lelley T. Mapping QTLs for Yield and Yield Components under Drought Stress in Bread Wheat. 2007. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/291808129.

[95] Israr A, Niaz A, Habib A, Ullah I. Association mapping of root traits for drought tolerance in bread wheat, wheat improvement, management and utilization. 2017. Available from: https://www.intechopen. com/books/wheat-improvementmanagement-and-utilization/ association-mapping-of-root-traits-fordrought-tolerance-in-bread-wheat

[96] Zhang J, Hao C, Ren Q, Chang X, Liu G. Ruilian Association mapping of dynamic developmental plant in common. Wheat Planta. 2011;**234**:891-902

[97] Jaiswal B, Prasad S, Rani R, Singh S, Kumar A, Kumar A, et al. Evaluation

of wheat (*Triticum aestivum L*.) lines at reproductive stage for heat stress tolerance. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science. 2018;**7**:1350-1357

[98] Hafiz GMA, Sajad MLM, Azmat MA, Rizwan M, Maqsood RH, Khan SH. Selection criteria for drought tolerance bread wheat genotypes at seedling stage. Sustainability. 2019;**11**:1-7

[99] Hasan MA, Ahmed JU, Hossain T, Hossain MM, Ullah MA. Germination characters and seed reserve mobilization during germination of different wheat genotypes under variable temperature regimes. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. 2004;**32**(3&4):97-107

[100] Zulkiffal M, Ahsan A, Javed A, Aziz R, Muhammad A, Saima G, et al. Appraisal of bread wheat *(Triticum aestivum L.)* genotypes under normal, drought and heat prone environments for morpho-physiological multiplicity and constancy. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research. 2018;**4**(6):1298-1306

[101] Gulnaz S, Zulkiffal M, Sajjad M, Ahmed J, Musa M, Abdullah M, et al. Identifying Pakistani wheat (*Triticum Spp* L.) landraces as genetic resources for yield potential, heat tolerance and rust resistance. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2018;**21**:520-526

[102] Mirza FQ, Rahmatullah Q, Humaira S. Effects of pre-anthesis drought, heat and their combination on the growth, yield and physiology of diverse wheat (*Triticum aestivum L.*) genotypes varying in sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Scientific Reports. 2019;**9**:6955

[103] Katarzyna K, Artur N, Jerzy L. Effect of drought and heat stresses on transpiration and photosynthesis of

wheat. In: Abstract. MACSUR Scientific Conference. Italy: University of Sassari; 2014

[104] Moaed A, Deshmukh PS, Sairam RK, Kushwaha SR, Singh TP. Protective role of antioxidant enzymes under high temperature stress. Plant Science. 2006;**171**:382-388

[105] Sami UK, Jalal U, Ali RG, Abdul Q, Hakim K. Heat tolerance evaluation of wheat (*Triticum aestivum L*.) genotypes based on some potential heat tolerance indicators. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan. 2013;**35**(3):647-653

[106] Saeidi M, Ardalani S, Jalali HS, Ghobadi M, Abdoli M. Antioxidant enzyme responses and crop yield of wheat under drought stress and re-watering at vegetative growth period. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2017;**8**(1):2257-2267

[107] Mirza H, Kamrun N, Tasnim FB, Taufika IA, Masashi I, Hirosuke O, et al. Salicylic acid: An all-rounder in regulating abiotic stress responses in plants. Rijeka, Croatia: IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/ intechopen.68213.2017. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/ books/phytohormones-signalingmechanisms-and-crosstalk-in-plantdevelopment-and-stress-responses/ salicylic-acid-an-all-rounder-inregulating-abiotic-stress-responses-inplants

[108] Amarshettiwar SB, Berad PB. Biochemical and yield responses of wheat genotypes to normal and heat stress condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;**7**(1):2663-2666

[109] Quarrie SA, Jones HG. Effects of abscisic acid and water stress on development and morphology of wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany. 1977;**28**(102):192-203

[110] Zhao Y, Tian X, Wang F, Zhang L, Xin M, Hu Z, et al. Characterization of wheat MBY genes responsive To High Temperatures. BMC Plant Biology. 2017;**17**:208

[111] Abu HMK, Ki HK, Kwang HS, Jong SC, Byung K, Hisashi T, et al. Abiotic stress responsive proteins of wheat grain determined using proteomics technique. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2010;**4**(3):196-208

[112] Kaushal N, Bhandari K, Siddique KM, Nayyar H. Food crops face rising temperatures: An overview of responses, adaptive mechanisms, and approaches to improve heat tolerance. Cogent Food and Agriculture. 2016;**2**:1-42

[113] Oviedo AFP, Herz R, Rudorff BFT. Effect of water stress and planting density on the use of radiation and wheat crop productivity (*Triticum aestivum L.)*. Taubate Bioscience Review. 2001;**7**(1):23-33

[114] Labuschagne MT, Elago O, Koen E. Influence of extreme temperatures during grain filling on protein fractions, and its relationship to some quality characteristics in bread, biscuit, and durum wheat. Cereal Chemistry. 2009;**J86**:61-66

[115] Tsenov N, Atanasova D, Stoeva I, Tsenova E. Effects of drought on grain productivity and quality in winter bread wheat. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 2015;**21**(3):592-598

[116] Balla K, Rakszegi MLZ, Bekes F, Bencze S, Veisz O. Quality of winter wheat in relation to heat and drought shock after anthesis. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 2011;**29**(2):117-128

**27**

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

water is required [4].

*Kallingil Gopi Divya*

can fulfill the increasing demand of food.

Characterization of Selected

A Case in Kerala, India

Drought Tolerance Rice Landraces:

Rice is a staple food of more than half of the world's population. The successful cultivation of rice depends on a variety of climatic and soil conditions. There are lot of factors both biotic and abiotic, which affect the growth and yield of crops. Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses, which leads to drastic decline in the production of rice worldwide. In the present situation of severe climatic change, the scarcity of fresh water is diminishing at an alarming rate. Due to the sensitivity of rice crop and the enormous requirement for optimum yield, drought affects rice when compared to other food crops. Rice germplasm is endowed with scores of varieties and landraces that are reservoirs of genes which is capable of withstanding various abiotic stresses. These landraces can be used to tackle this abiotic stress and

**Keywords:** abiotic stress, drought, heat shock protein, landraces, proline

Human population is exploding day by day. By 2050, the world population is expected to reach the mark of nine billion, and to feed this enormous population, the food production needs to be increased by more than 50% [1]. Rice is agronomical and nutritional, one among the most important staple food satisfying the need of the calorie intake of approximately half of the population. To meet the future demand for food, anticipated from the projected world population increase, there is an urgent need to take all necessary steps to enhance the productivity of rice. The in-depth understanding of plant responses to abiotic stress needs to be achieved as the climate prediction models have demonstrated the increased rate of abiotic factors like drought, floods, salinity, and soaring temperature during the crop growing periods [2, 3]. Of the 470 Mts of worldwide production of rice, 90% is contributed from the Asian countries. The uneven pattern of rainfall has led to a marked decrease in the yield of upland cultivation. The reduction in the amount of fresh water causes serious stress to the crop production since nearly 5000 L/kg of

The staple food for almost two-third of the world's population, the rice is both nutritional and has medicinal values. Rice is a major source of carbohydrates, which are broken down into glucose upon digestion. Thus, it becomes a rich source of energy. The presence of resistant starch adds to its nutritive value. Since, rice lacks

### **Chapter 2**

*Plant Stress Physiology*

2014

wheat. In: Abstract. MACSUR Scientific Conference. Italy: University of Sassari;

[110] Zhao Y, Tian X, Wang F, Zhang L, Xin M, Hu Z, et al. Characterization of wheat MBY genes responsive To High Temperatures. BMC Plant Biology.

[111] Abu HMK, Ki HK, Kwang HS, Jong SC, Byung K, Hisashi T, et al. Abiotic stress responsive proteins of wheat grain determined using proteomics technique. Australian

Journal of Crop Science. 2010;**4**(3):196-208

[112] Kaushal N, Bhandari K,

Siddique KM, Nayyar H. Food crops face rising temperatures: An overview of responses, adaptive mechanisms, and approaches to improve heat

tolerance. Cogent Food and Agriculture.

[113] Oviedo AFP, Herz R, Rudorff BFT. Effect of water stress and planting density on the use of radiation and wheat crop productivity (*Triticum aestivum L.)*. Taubate Bioscience Review.

[114] Labuschagne MT, Elago O, Koen E. Influence of extreme temperatures during grain filling on protein fractions, and its relationship to some quality characteristics in bread, biscuit, and durum wheat. Cereal Chemistry.

[115] Tsenov N, Atanasova D, Stoeva I, Tsenova E. Effects of drought on grain productivity and quality in winter bread wheat. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural

[116] Balla K, Rakszegi MLZ, Bekes F, Bencze S, Veisz O. Quality of winter wheat in relation to heat and drought shock after anthesis. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 2011;**29**(2):117-128

Science. 2015;**21**(3):592-598

2017;**17**:208

2016;**2**:1-42

2001;**7**(1):23-33

2009;**J86**:61-66

[105] Sami UK, Jalal U, Ali RG, Abdul Q, Hakim K. Heat tolerance evaluation of wheat (*Triticum aestivum L*.) genotypes based on some potential heat tolerance indicators. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan. 2013;**35**(3):647-653

[106] Saeidi M, Ardalani S, Jalali HS, Ghobadi M, Abdoli M. Antioxidant enzyme responses and crop yield of wheat under drought stress and re-watering at vegetative growth period. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology.

2017;**8**(1):2257-2267

[107] Mirza H, Kamrun N,

IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/ intechopen.68213.2017. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/ books/phytohormones-signalingmechanisms-and-crosstalk-in-plantdevelopment-and-stress-responses/ salicylic-acid-an-all-rounder-inregulating-abiotic-stress-responses-in-

Tasnim FB, Taufika IA, Masashi I, Hirosuke O, et al. Salicylic acid: An all-rounder in regulating abiotic stress responses in plants. Rijeka, Croatia:

[108] Amarshettiwar SB, Berad PB. Biochemical and yield responses of wheat genotypes to normal and heat stress condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.

[109] Quarrie SA, Jones HG. Effects of abscisic acid and water stress on development and morphology of wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany.

2018;**7**(1):2663-2666

1977;**28**(102):192-203

[104] Moaed A, Deshmukh PS, Sairam RK, Kushwaha SR, Singh TP. Protective role of antioxidant enzymes under high temperature stress. Plant

Science. 2006;**171**:382-388

**26**

plants
