Micoorganisms Mediated Adaptive Mechanisms to Abiotic Stresses

**375**

**Chapter 20**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Plant Growth-Promoting

*Raghad S. Mouhamad and Michael Alabboud*

the characteristics of plant growth through urban environments.

**Keywords:** heavy metals, wastewater, PGPR

Heavy Metal Stress

Bacteria as a Natural Resource for

the Soil Salinity, Wastewater, and

Rice is a cereal plant that is consumed in a grain form; however, its prolonged contact with irrigation wastewater might pose a threat to the consumers despite the following milling processes to eliminate the grain surface contamination which means that it needs further cooking to be suitable for human use. Additionally, excessive salt levels in wastewater can cause plant toxicity. Therefore, wastewater disposal can be handled by farm remediation. *Rhizobacteria* can also be used in this stressful environment to alleviate the problem by triggering a plant growthpromoting response (PGPR). The importance of promoting and biocontrol plant growth is based upon its long-term stability, as well as the numerous generated secondary metabolites, besides its ability to remove heavy metal. The current study revealed that PGPR allowed such toxic effects on sewage to encourage and define

**1.1 Relationship between PGPB and rice production under nutrient and salinity**

As a consequence of the continuous population growth worldwide along with the shortage of food sustainability [1], it is necessary to create an alternative agricultural productivity systems [2, 3]. One of the sustainable alternative strategies is the utilization of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in agricultural practices [4]. Promoting plant growth (PGP) has numerous correlation capabilities either by endophyte in plant tissue [5], rhizosphere in seed surface as well as plant root [6], symbiosis in root nodules, and phyllosphere in stem and/or leaf surface (Turner). PGPB involve 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase that is applied to seedling which could effectively stimulate plant growth by reducing plant ethylene rates [7] under drought, salinity [8, 9], flooding, and contaminant condition [10] and increasing phosphate solubility and availability in soil, along with the

increase in plant biomass, root area, and total N and P contents in rice [11].

Sustainable Rice Production under

### **Chapter 20**
