Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Biotic and Abiotic Stress

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**Chapter 6**

**Abstract**

gene pool for discovery.

cultivars is necessary [7].

**1. Introduction**

Consequences and Mitigation

Strategies of Biotic and Abiotic

Stress in Rice (*Oryza sativa* L.)

Rice (*Oryza sativa*) is the staple food for more than 3.5 billion people worldwide. Yield levels in Asia have tripled and are expected to increase by 70% over the next 30 years due to population growth. In the US, Arkansas accounts for more than 50% of rice production. Over the last 68 years, rice production has continued to grow in Mississippi, placing it in fourth place after Arkansas, Louisiana, and California. Due to increasing rice acreage, regionally and worldwide, the need to develop abiotic stress tolerant rice has increased. Unfortunately, current rice breeding programs lack genetic diversity, and many traits have been lost through the domestication of cultivated rice. Currently, stressors stemming from the continued effects of climate change continue to impact rice. This chapter highlights current research that strives to discover abiotic and biotic stress tolerant rice. This chapter calls for directed research in genetics and genomics to address the need to discover biotic and abiotic stress tolerant traits. While many genes have been uncovered to arm rice against these stresses, decreased genetic variability in current rice traits presents a small

Rice, *Oryza sativa*, is a cultivated, food staple feeding more than one-half of the world's population [1]. Rice is regarded as one of the world's most important crops and is grown in more than one hundred countries producing more than 700 million tons annually [2, 3]. Asia currently accounts for more than 90% of rice that is grown and consumed [4]. In southern China alone, rice consumption is almost 50% higher than the global average due to a diet heavily rooted in rice [5]. It is predicted that rice yield must increase by 1% annually to continue to feed the growing population [6]. To meet this expectation, the development of high-yielding, stress-tolerant rice

Rice is a tropical and sub-tropical plant that requires temperatures ranging from 20 to 40°C with flooded conditions, and is highly influenced by solar radiation [8]. It is an annual grass with a life cycle ranging from 105 to 145 days from germination to maturity contingent on various types of environmental contributions [9]. Rice domestication is estimated to have started more than 9000 years ago

*Shandrea Stallworth, Brooklyn Schumaker,* 

**Keywords:** rice, *Oryza sativa*, abiotic, biotic, stress tolerance

*Mary Gracen Fuller and Te-Ming Tseng*

### **Chapter 6**
