Meet the editor

Dr. Akbar Hossain is presently working as a senior agronomist at the Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Bangladesh. Dr. Hossain finished his Ph.D degree from the Institute of Ecology and Biological Sciences (particularly stress physiology), Astrakhan State University, Russia. The research interests and expertise of Dr. Hossain are plant physiology, conventional and molecular breeding, biotechnology, genetic engineering, crop

and weed management, weed biology and ecology, conservation agriculture, climate change impact assessment on field crops through modeling. He has authored more than 190 journal articles. He is currently serving as an MS student supervisor and also a voluntary reviewer/editor for different journals. Dr. Hossain is also linked with several international projects. Details of Dr. Hossain are available in the links: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akbar\_Hossain2?ev=hdr\_xprf

Contents

**Section 1**

and Adaptive Mechanisms

in Kerala, India

Strategies

Maritima)

*by Kallingil Gopi Divya*

*Muhammad Ashraf and Saifullah*

*Shahzad Ahmed and Alvina Gul*

**Preface XIII**

Plant Response to Abiotic Stress **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 27**

**Chapter 3 41**

**Chapter 4 67**

**Chapter 5 83**

Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical Achievements, Improvement Approaches,

*by Muhammad Zulkiffal, Aneela Ahsan, Javed Ahmed, Muhammad Musa, Amna Kanwal, Muhammad Saleem, Javed Anwar, Aziz ur Rehman,* 

Characterization of Selected Drought Tolerance Rice Landraces: A Case

The Response of Maize Physiology under Salinity Stress and Its Coping

Production and Salinity Tolerance of Fodder Beet (*Beta vulgaris* L. ssp.

Sustainability and Determinate of Farmers' Mitigation Strategies to Greenhouse Gases Emission: A Case in Rice Agric-Food System of Nigeria

*Sadia Ajmal, Saima Gulnaz and Muhammad Makky Javaid*

*by Shazia Iqbal, Sajid Hussain, Muhammad Abdul Qayyaum,* 

*by Sami Ullah Khan, Zulfiqar Ali Gurmani, Waseem Ahmed,* 

*by Nnaemaka Success Esiobu, Chinedu Gilbert Onubuogu, Sylvarlene Munachim Njoku and Blessing Chidinma Nwachukwu*

## Contents



**III**

**Section 4**

Morphological, Physio-Biochemical Mechanisms of Plants to Abiotic

Morpho-Physiological Mechanisms of Maize for Drought Tolerance *by Abu Sayeed Md. Hasibuzzaman, Farzana Akter, Shamim Ara Bagum,* 

Phytoremediation Strategies of Some Plants under Heavy Metal Stress

The Impact of Changing Climate on the Cambial Activity during Radial

Understanding the Adaptive Mechanisms of Plant in Low Phosphorous Soil *by Mehtab Muhammad Aslam, Kashif Akhtar, Joseph K. Karanja, Noor-ul-Ain* 

*Lyudmila K. Ignatova, Tatiana P. Fedorchuk, Elena M. Nadeeva-Zhurikova* 

Active Deformation in the Tunic of *Halocynthia roretzi*: How the Tissue

Amelioration of Drought Stress on Plants under Biostimulant Sources

Potential Role of Plants *Hordeum vulgare* L. and *Panax ginseng* L. in Resolving the Fertility Disorders and Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress

*by Lobna F. Wahman, Marwa M. Abd Rabo, Amany Hanafy M. Elgoly* 

Arises from Hypothyroidism in Adult Female Rats

*by Raghad S. Mouhamad and Michael Alabboud*

*by Momezul Haque, Karabi Biswas and Sankar Narayan Sinha*

Role of Plant Carbonic Anhydrases under Stress Conditions *by Natalia N. Rudenko, Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina,* 

Composed of Cellulose Responds to Stimuli and Deforms

*by Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos*

*and Magda H.M. Yousef*

**Section 5**

*Nilima Hossain, Tahmina Akter and M. Shalim Uddin*

*by Moin Ahmad Khan and M. Badruzzaman Siddiqui*

Growth in Some *Citrus* Species

*and Fasih Ullah Haider*

*and Boris N. Ivanov*

*by Yoko Kato*

Stresses **227**

**Chapter 12 229**

**Chapter 13 243**

**Chapter 14 261**

**Chapter 15 285**

**Chapter 16 301**

**Chapter 17 327**

**Chapter 18 337**

**Chapter 19 349**

Micoorganisms Mediated Adaptive Mechanisms to Abiotic Stresses **373**

**Chapter 20 375**

Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria as a Natural Resource for Sustainable Rice Production under the Soil Salinity, Wastewater, and Heavy Metal Stress


**II**

**Section 2**

in Rice (*Oryza sativa* L.)

*and Te-Ming Tseng*

in Bangladesh

**Section 3**

Stress Conditions

*and Rakesh Deo Ranjan*

*Liyun Liu and Hirofumi Saneoka*

*by Kemal Yuce and Ahmet Ismail Ozkan*

Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Biotic and Abiotic Stress **99**

**Chapter 6 101**

**Chapter 7 119**

Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Heat Stress for Sustainability of Soybean (*Glycine max* L. Merr.) Production under the Changing Climate

*Muhammad Mubeen, Muhammad Ikram, Ram Swaroop Meena, Hany Gharib,* 

Wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) in the Rice-Wheat Systems of South Asia Is Influenced by Terminal Heat Stress at Late Sown Condition: A Case

*Celaleddin Barutçular, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Fatih Çiğ, Murat Erman,* 

*Maham Asif Bukhari, Muhammad Mubeen, Habib-ur-Rehman Athar, Faraz Azeem, Hakki Akdeniz, Ömer Konuşkan, Ferhat Kizilgeci, Muhammad Ikram, Sobhy Sorour, Wajid Nasim, Mabrouk Elsabagh, Muhammad Rizwan, Ram Swaroop Meena, Shah Fahad, Akihiro Ueda,* 

Cys2His2 Zinc Finger Proteins Boost Survival Ability of Plants against

*by Sudhir Kumar, Shampa Purkyastha, Chandan Roy, Tushar Ranjan* 

Genes for Different Abiotic Stresses Tolerance in Wheat

**Chapter 8 141**

**Chapter 9 163**

Molecular Mechanisms against Abiotic Stresses **187**

**Chapter 10 189**

**Chapter 11 201**

*by Shandrea Stallworth, Brooklyn Schumaker, Mary Gracen Fuller* 

*by Ayman EL Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Shah Fahad, Disna Ratnasekera, Faraz Azeem, Allah Wasaya, Oksana Sytar, Narendra Kumar, Analía Llanes, Murat Erman,* 

*Mustafa Ceritoğlu, Huseyin Arslan, Doğan Arslan, Sajjad Hussain,* 

*Ejaz Waraich, Wajid Nasim, Liyun Liu and Hirofumi Saneoka*

*by Akbar Hossain, Mst. Tanjina Islam and M. Tofazzal Islam*

Maize Adaptability to Heat Stress under Changing Climate *by Ayman EL Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,* 

*Oksana Sytar, Marian Brestic, Allah Wasaya, Tasmiya Jabeen,* 

### **Chapter 21 387**

Actinobacteria: Potential Candidate as Plant Growth Promoters *by Sumreen Hayat, Asma Ashraf, Bilal Aslam, Rizwan Asif, Saima Muzammil, Muhammad Asif Zahoor, Muhammad Waseem, Imran Riaz Malik, Mohsin Khurshid, Muhammad Afzal, Muhammad Saqalein, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Aqsa Muzammil and Sumera Sabir*

Preface

The concept of plant stress physiology has been well-established over the past 60 years due to the increasing trends of extreme environmental events. Any significant unfavorable condition that interrupts or alters the metabolic process of plants and ultimately hinders the growth and development of plants is called plant stress. It is established that plant stress is linked to the physiological process of plants. Plant physiology perceptions contribute to analyzing past achievements of plant breeding in increasing potential and stability of crop yield and also resource use efficiency and productivity through recognizing mechanisms that have been indirectly exaggerated by the selection process of desirable crop plants. Crop physiology has been found to have a strategic association among phenotypic traits and crop performance as it pursues to elucidate and forecast the multifaceted connections between appropriate traits and/or the environment for effective crop production in the modern era of climate change. Researchers found that crop stress physiology has an association with two main areas of research, one is concerned with agronomic research, the other is concerned with plant breeding. Therefore, to meet the food demand of the increasing population, the contents of the current book highlight the integration of both breeding and agronomy strategies to ensure agricultural productivity and environmental safety under changing climate.

As an academic editor of the book, I want to thank all the authors for their

Manager, for their continued support and final condition of this book.

wonderful contributions, as well as the speed and efficiency in the delivery of their chapters. Special gratitude should be mentioned to the excellent team from the Editorial Board of IntechOpen, particularly to Ms. Sandra Maljavac, Author Service

> **Akbar Hossain, PhD** Senior Agronomist,

> Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute,
