Preface

The concept of plant stress physiology has been well-established over the past 60 years due to the increasing trends of extreme environmental events. Any significant unfavorable condition that interrupts or alters the metabolic process of plants and ultimately hinders the growth and development of plants is called plant stress. It is established that plant stress is linked to the physiological process of plants. Plant physiology perceptions contribute to analyzing past achievements of plant breeding in increasing potential and stability of crop yield and also resource use efficiency and productivity through recognizing mechanisms that have been indirectly exaggerated by the selection process of desirable crop plants. Crop physiology has been found to have a strategic association among phenotypic traits and crop performance as it pursues to elucidate and forecast the multifaceted connections between appropriate traits and/or the environment for effective crop production in the modern era of climate change. Researchers found that crop stress physiology has an association with two main areas of research, one is concerned with agronomic research, the other is concerned with plant breeding. Therefore, to meet the food demand of the increasing population, the contents of the current book highlight the integration of both breeding and agronomy strategies to ensure agricultural productivity and environmental safety under changing climate.

As an academic editor of the book, I want to thank all the authors for their wonderful contributions, as well as the speed and efficiency in the delivery of their chapters. Special gratitude should be mentioned to the excellent team from the Editorial Board of IntechOpen, particularly to Ms. Sandra Maljavac, Author Service Manager, for their continued support and final condition of this book.

**IV**

**Chapter 21 387**

Actinobacteria: Potential Candidate as Plant Growth Promoters *by Sumreen Hayat, Asma Ashraf, Bilal Aslam, Rizwan Asif, Saima Muzammil, Muhammad Asif Zahoor, Muhammad Waseem,* 

*Muhammad Saqalein, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Aqsa Muzammil* 

*Imran Riaz Malik, Mohsin Khurshid, Muhammad Afzal,* 

*and Sumera Sabir*

**Akbar Hossain, PhD** Senior Agronomist, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

**1**

Section 1

Plant Response to

Abiotic Stress

Section 1

Plant Response to Abiotic Stress

**3**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

holistic attitude in future.

major countries, wheat

**1. Introduction**

Mechanisms

Heat and Drought Stresses in

Wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.):

Achievements, Improvement

*Muhammad Zulkiffal, Aneela Ahsan, Javed Ahmed,* 

*Muhammad Musa, Amna Kanwal, Muhammad Saleem,* 

The major wheat-producing countries have heterogeneous and fragile agro climatic surroundings but frequently restraining wheat yield and quality losses are predominant under heat and drought prone agriculture exclusively when both stresses occur in blend, which looms the food security globally. However, many suggested examples are available in these countries for the mitigation of these two stresses by using different conventional and modern improvement and agronomic approaches. In addition to these approaches, morphological, physiological, anatomical, biochemical, phenological, and physiochemical vicissitudes, which trigged during these stresses, have also been elucidated. There complete deliberation in combination for wheat improvement is still a contest, but a win-win option is a

**Keywords:** heat, drought, yield losses, achievements, improvement, mechanisms,

The global inhabitants expansion proportions have been projected to upsurge and the domain people will grasp 8 billion by 2025 and strength be a slight greater than 9 billion by 2050 Hence, to encounter the ever-growing hassles of the population world sustenance fabrication desires to be doubled by the year 2050 [1].

The aftermath of a universal climate alteration has brought about the enlargement of extreme events. Among these events heat and drought are most multidimensional, vibrant, and shoddier stresses whose occurrences are unpredictable at

Approaches, and Adaptive

*Javed Anwar, Aziz ur Rehman, Sadia Ajmal,* 

*Saima Gulnaz and Muhammad Makky Javaid*

Substantial Yield Losses, Practical

### **Chapter 1**
