**5. Conclusion**

*Apolipoproteins, Triglycerides and Cholesterol*

**4. Absorption and distribution**

**4.2 Distribution in body tissues**

higher level of CoQ10 for prolonged duration.

**4.1 Coenzyme Q10 absorption among body tissues**

undergoing an adjunctive therapy for some medical conditions.

among different body tissues was recorded (**Table 1**) [77].

required more by tissues that are very active.

*Concentration of CoQ10 in various body tissues [77].*

stress in the body. The development of auto-oxidation was observed in birds fed

The content of CoQ10 in different body tissues is well studied in human subjects, but there are not enough studies in farm animals or birds. The highest concentration of CoQ10 was found in the most active organs like heart, kidney and liver. The CoQ10 concentration depends on a balance between inputs and outputs. Inputs are the level of CoQ10, which is endogenously synthesized, plus dietary supply and the outputs are the usage by oxidative stress and cellular metabolism. An adult human body has approximately 2 g of CoQ10, where a daily replacement of 0.5 g should be done by both endogenous synthesis and dietary means. Therefore, an average body CoQ10 content turnover rate was around 4 days and dietary supply becomes essential with impairment in endogenous synthesis. The body content of CoQ10 decreased rapidly after the age of 40 years in humans with reduced biosynthesis. CoQ10 supplementation reversed the reduced circulating CoQ10 concentrations in statin-treated subjects as statin inhibits the pathways involved in both cholesterol and CoQ10 supplementation. Various authors recommended daily intake of CoQ10 of about 30–100 mg for healthy people over 40 years and 60–1200 mg for those

The CoQ10 level in human tissues varies with inappropriate nutrition, smoking and different medical conditions such as cardiomyopathy, diabetes and neurological disorder conditions [76]. Similarly in broiler chicken, the concentration of CoQ10

Among the organelles, larger amount of CoQ10 is found in mitochondria of heart cells (92.3–282.0 mg/kg), followed by liver (22.7–132.2 mg/kg) of cattle, swine and chicken. Being lipophilic, vegetable oils especially rape seed and peanut oils have a high content (63.5–77.0 mg/kg) of CoQ. This again proved that CoQ10 is

CoQ10 to cholesterol index (QCI) is increasingly used as a measure for assessment of meat quality. QCI was used as a reliable indicator of oxidative status, and the possible oxidative stresses induced by different food ingredients and consider them as oxidant foods [8]. In simple terms, muscles with higher oxidative stress

**Tissues Concentration (mg/kg)** Heart 92.3–192 Liver 116.2–132.2 Thigh 24.2–25 Breast 7.8–17.1 Wing 11.0 Whole chicken 14–21

**188**

**Table 1.**

The role of coenzyme Q10 is widely being studied under various health conditions including cancer and cardiac hypertrophy. Its importance in normal healthy life is quite evident and physicians are prescribing it for oral intake for persons who continuously smoke as well as for those under statin drug therapy. Recently, CoQ10 was widely used in food animals especially broilers, which are highly susceptible to mortality due to ascites/sudden death syndrome as a result of its rapid growth rate.
