Section 2 Triglycerides

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*Apolipoproteins, Triglycerides and Cholesterol*

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**Chapter 6**

*Ngoc-Anh Le*

**Abstract**

phenotypes.

**1. Introduction**

Postprandial Triglycerides,

Among the most common non-communicable diseases are obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, which are responsible for the major cardiometabolic phenotypes. Together with mitochondrial alterations, oxidative stress and inflammation are key molecular mechanisms that contribute to the onset and development of these conditions. Meal consumption is a recurring daily activity that is directly linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. Acute increases in lipids, notably triglycerides, during the postabsorptive period have been suggested to induce a state of inflammation with stimulation of adhesion molecules, cytokines, oxidative stress, and leukocyte activation. Not only lipids but also meal-induced elevations in glucose have also been linked to postprandial oxidative stress and inflammation. The impact of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on oxidative stress and inflammation is not only independent but may be cumulative. It is our hypothesis that, in a system that could not maintain homeostasis to continuous changes of the environment, repeated exposures to meals that provide modest doses of fat and glucose could potentially elicit abnormal responses that contribute to the onset and development of chronic cardiometabolic

**Keywords:** postprandial triglycerides, oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, cardiometabolic phenotypes

are key mechanisms in the onset and development of these conditions [2].

Non-communicable diseases refer to chronic conditions that are non-infectious and non-transmissible and include obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, as well as respiratory and neurological diseases. They represent the most common cause of death and disability in developed as well as developing countries [1]. In addition to age-related mitochondrial alterations, oxidative stress and inflammation

Lipids, in particular esterified lipids such as triglycerides (TG), phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters are essential metabolites for energy, cell membrane integrity as well as regulatory hormones. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by normal physiological processes and play an important role in cell signaling and tissue homeostasis. In view of their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), lipids transported in plasma lipoproteins as well as those in cellular membranes are especially susceptible to ROS damage, i.e. lipid

Oxidative Stress, and

Inflammation
