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78 International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change

development plan approved by communities is an efficient tool to mobilize resources and ease project implementation; (iv) not to underestimate the ability of communities to identify appropriate technical solutions, to solve internal conflicts particularly relating to property rights and land use, and the importance of additional-income generating activities; (v) the success and the sustainability of the process depends on the promotion of elected community-based organizations that play a key interface role between communities and other actors (government agencies and decision makers, non government agencies, donors,

Promoting community-based organizations and empowerment will support adaptation to




Recent experience of communal rangeland management in Southern Tunisia (IFAD PRODESUD Project) is quite successful. The community-based organizations (GDAs) are built up on socio-territorial units that correspond to the traditional tribe boundaries. They are fully participating in the design and implementation of their integrated local development. The approach involves the real participation of agropastoral communities, in a new bottom-up mode, for the establishment of community development plan (CDP) that reflects the real issues and priority needs of the community. This is developed through the joint inputs of all stakeholders including community members, agricultural specialists, extension services, local administration and state representatives. Best-bet options for technical, institutional and policy issues are jointly identified for implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The community is represented by a formal community-based organization (CBO), directly elected by community members and fully recognized by government authorities as their equal partner for implementation of all actions set out in the jointly developed CDP. This includes such crucial issues as management of communal pasture and rangelands (for example more than 50,000 ha of collective rangelands are put under rest and fully controlled by the communities), as well as the procurement of funds and necessary inputs and facilities, and the independent and transparent contact with all stakeholders and similar CBOs in the region for exchange of relevant information and

In this chapter we reviewed some of the agricultural achievements realized in three North African countries where agriculture depends primarily on rainfed production systems dominated by cereal crops and small ruminant livestock. Successful adopted technologies under unfavorable climate conditions include drought tolerant and disease resistant crop

and other communities).

short and long term;

experiences (Nefzaoui et al., 2007).

**5. Conclusions** 

climate change (Garforth, 2008) through:


particularly to small-scale, relatively poor livestock keepers.

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**5** 

**Possible Evolutionary Response to** 

Lars A. Bach and Cino Pertoldi

*University of Aarhus* 

*Denmark* 

**Global Change – Evolutionary Rescue?** 

With a pace that is higher than observed in the past 10,000 years global warming is currently changing the global and local environments. On average, the global temperature has increased by 0.7 degree over the past century and future projections show an acceleration of global temperature rise (Walther et al., 2002) which produces climate-induced environmental changes (CIEC). Increasing the mean temperature furthermore corresponds to an increasing range between the minimum and the maximum temperatures due to a pure scaling effect of the variance with the mean (Pertoldi et al., 2007a). Additional factors may then add even more to the increased range of temperatures combined with increased variability in precipitation patterns. An increased temperature range is translated into a fluctuating selective regime for natural populations and amplified environmental variability

In order to understand what limits the ability of species to adapt to CIEC, we need to integrate (local) short-term and (local) long-term changes and to increase our knowledge on the importance of genetic and environmental components on phenotypic variability (2p) (Pertoldi et al., 2005). A notorious debate between ecologists and geneticists concerns the relative importance of genetic and ecological factors for the persistence of populations. There is a need for a deeper understanding of how genetic measures can be used to indicate causal processes, including the genetic signature of population declines or expansions due to CIEC. Evolutionary biologists and ecologists have increasingly turned to molecular genetics to study the demographic and genetic consequences of CIEC on populations. However, this approach has some serious limitations: 1) many different population processes lead to similar patterns of genetic structure and 2) population genetic models most commonly applied to these systems are based on the assumption of equilibrium conditions

(2e) which have several consequences at different levels of organization.

typically not found in nature and surely not in disturbed ecosystems.

**consequences of climate-induced changes** 

**1.2 A natural experiment from the past and experimental investigations on the** 

Detailed knowledge on how CIEC have shaped the genetic composition and the present geographic distribution of species can help us to better comprehend the possible future consequences of climatic changes. The biotic effects of Pleistocene glaciations exemplify how climatic changes influence species distributions by alternately inducing southward range

**1. Introduction** 

**1.1 Climate-induced environmental changes** 

