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468 International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change

question arises, whose civic good, and who determines it, which would lead to non-rational

The issue of social trust and distrust and the suggested risk communication (Kasperson et al., 1992) also presents some challenges: Who is to be empowered to lead the risk communication? Clearly not every individual can be empowered. Will the community as a whole make a decision? Then we are presented again with leaders and followers and the

Overall there does not seem to be an easy answer – NIMBYism is and remains a contentious issue; whichever way one looks at it, it is like opening Pandora's Box. An idea to improve or lessen NIMBYism in relation to wind power would be to consider employment opportunities and the escape from poverty. The estimated number of jobs in the world wide wind farm industry is as follows: Germany 90,000; United States 85,000; Spain 40,000; Denmark 25,000; Italy 18,300; United Kingdom 16,000; and Australia 1,600 (IEA, 2009, p. 18). Diesendorf (2003/2004) gives an account of community development and employment, arguing that wind power and other sustainable energy sources can provide more local

Currently wind farms in Australia have about 40% Australian content and create 203 times as many local jobs per kWh generated as coal power. However, as wind power expands, Australian content is expected to rise to 80% and so the number of local jobs per kWh will rise to 4-6 times those of coal. Already job creation is under way: the world's largest wind turbine manufacturer, Vestas, is building a component

Taking the world-wide estimated employment figures as well as the Australian predictions by Diesendorf into consideration, one should be able to assume that Australia will progress

Believing in the premise of a politician? This discussion is concluded with the words of an independent member of parliament (Tony Windsor, 2011) who argues that "34,000 new jobs in the renewable energy sector in regional Australia" (p. 2) will be created over the next two

In conclusion it is argued that the Not-in-my-Backyard syndrome in relation to wind farming is alive and thriving, and that the notion needs to be critically assessed because nonrational arguments have rational consequences, i.e. threaten to undermine plans to facilitate wind turbines in regional and rural Australia. As this literature review shows, NIMBYism comes from many sources and there is no easy answer to the non-rational arguments embedded in the concept, there is no easy way to convince local residents in rural and regional Australia that wind farming presents a viable option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The influence of the powerful coal industry cannot be underestimated. Evidence exists that people in that industry create fears, uncertainty and doubt. Looking at climate change and at Australia's CO2 emissions, there is an urgency to consider wind power in a more positive way. It is believed that governments and developers play an important role in promoting wind power and that better communication between different stake holders, including the public, has to take place. Improved communication has to be built on trust so that non-rational perspectives can change. As Sections 3 and 8 demonstrate, the siting of a wind farm can have a negative effect on people's sense of place. One rational issue to be

arguments. And those who fund the debate, will they not influence the outcome?

difficulties described above.

employment than coal:

to a clean, renewable future.

**10. Conclusion** 

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