*2.2.4 Physicochemical properties*

**Table 1** shows the physicochemical properties of the prepared ZSM-5 materials. Elemental analysis using AAS showed that Si-to-Al ratio of synthesized NaZSM-5 zeolite was 33.19. This makes ZSM-5 classified as high-silica zeolites (Si/Al ratio = ~10–100), which has played an important role as hydrocracking catalysis in petrochemistry due to its hydrophobic surfaces [17].
