**5. References**

356 Aquaculture

Under control temperature (25°C), *Pararobertsonia* sp. showed the ability to survive and even breed in a salinity ranged of 5 to 45 ppt. This might be due to its great adaptation and osmoregulatory ability. Kimmel & Bradley (2001) demonstrated that salinity variations induce synthesis or degradation of amino acids during osmoregulation. This generates an increase in the consumption of protein reserves as well as in energy requirements for enzymatic activity. Without energy renewal, this stress decreases copepod survivorship and causes death of the nauplius in the early stages. The present study suggests that there is no salinity stress at this range of salinity because the nauplii can develop normally to adult stage. However, harpacticoids did not survive when they were transferred directly into the salinity 5 ppt (personal observation). As reviewed by Staton et al. (2002), they noted that exposure of low salinity in more than 24 hours for *Microathridion littorale* (estuarine

*Pararobertsonia* sp. is regarded as an estuarine harpactiocid copepod which is considered to be exposed to large fluctuations of salinity due to tidal cycle daily. Therefore, this species could already adapted to salinity fluctuation more than the temperature changes, thus become less affected by the salinity changes in the experiment. Goolish & Burton (1989) confirmed that the variability in individual's physiological response to salinity changes was

Harpacticoid copepods are potential candidate as live feed in aquaculture. They have most of the required characteristics to replace artemia and rotifers as starter food for newly hatched fish and shrimp larvae. Nevertheless, the mass production of copepods as live feed for aquaculture purposes is still at the experimental stage and success story is limited to only few copepod species. Understanding the basic biology of the species in culture condition will help in planning and handling the copepod culture for mass production. An example given in this chapter is the reproduction and development data of a tropical harpacticoid copepod, *Pararobertsonia* sp. This species could produce multiple egg sacs from a single copulation, with an average of 6.7 ± 2.47 egg sacs (ranging from 3.0 to 12.0 egg sacs) in 31.2 ± 3.57 days (average of lifespan). The production of eggs per sac was 21.7 ± 4.79, varies from 14 to 30 eggs. The maturation time of egg sac is variable with range from 0 to 167 hours (7 days). However, most of the eggs were matured within 36 to 47 hours (2 days). The interval time between egg sacs varies from 0 to 71 hours (3 days), but most of individual took 11 hours to produce the next eggs. In this present study it is clearly shown that reproductive biology of every individual of *Pararobertsonia* sp. are varies among each other. Temperature appears to give significant effect on reproduction and development of *Pararobertsonia* sp. compared to salinity. High temperature increased while low temperature delayed the development of *Pararobertsonia* sp. but extreme temperature could lead to the mortality. This is particularly true if the copepod is drastically exposed to the temperature of beyond the tolerant limit. On the other hand, this species has a wide range of salinity tolerance (5 to 45 ppt). However, direct exposure to that

The study was carried out as part of a research project 'Development of cyst in marine harpacticoid copepods' funded by National Oceanographic Directorate, Ministry of Science,

due to the salinity history of organism and species specific hereditary traits.

lowest or highest salinity could lead to the mortality as well.

harpacticoid copepod) could lead to mortality.

**3. Conclusion** 

**4. Acknowledgment** 

Technology and Innovation, Malaysia.


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