**11. Interviews**

Interview with NN1, Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, 26th August 2009.

Interview with NN2, Research Institute, 9th June 2009.

Interview with NN3, Breeding Company, 1st July 2009.

#### **12. References**

336 Aquaculture

presented in this chapter there are several challenges that actors within the aquaculture

In the EU communication (2002) 'A strategy for the sustainable development of European aquaculture' it is emphasised that 'The fundamental issue is therefore the maintenance of competiveness, productivity, durability of the aquaculture sector. Further developments of the industry must take an approach where farming technologies, socio-economics, natural resources use and governance are all integrated so that sustainability can be achieved.' This is a very ambitious vision for the future and implies an integrated assessment of

• Selective breeding programs with sufficiently low inbreeding rate are initiated to supply domesticated and genetically improved seed fit for a life in farm environment. Moreover, along with these programs there is also a need for breeding programs for

• Breeding strategies towards broad and long terms goals should be included to ensure genetic variability and robust farm animals with good welfare. Initiatives for breeding for e.g. disease and parasite resistance are started up and improved to ensure sustainability of the industry. Application of molecular genetics (MAS and GS) may improve the efficiency of such initiatives. However, efficient application of MAS and

• Public support or cooperative ownership and organisation is necessary to promote the recommendations above. Economic support and training to establish lacking selective breeding schemes may for example be needed to apply and exploit powerful molecular techniques, and parallel funding and training are needed for development of local capacity within genetic engineering/biotechnology and selective breeding programs. • Patent laws and practice should avoid too broad patents (e.g. of virus and bacteria) that

• Introduction of GMOs and products such as transgenic fish, DNA vaccines and GM vaccines need to involve application of precautionary approaches that include research on adverse effects by the inserted genes on animal health and welfare and on the environment. Moreover such introduction must also be followed with monitoring

• Consumers and public opinions and attitudes to new biotechnologies in aquaculture need to be identified together with studies on willingness to support and pay for e.g.

• Potential implications for the industry by introduction of biotechnology is important and need to be elaborated with the intention to find ways that the technology can

The study is financed by the Research Council of Norway ("Stimulating sustainable

Interview with NN1, Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, 26th August 2009.

environmental, social, economic and legal issues. To do so we recommend that:

farming in different environments for the most important farmed species.

GS require well organised selective breeding programs.

hamper further innovation.

strategies for detection of unexpected effects.

improved health and welfare of farmed fish.

innovation in aquaculture", Project Number: 187970).

stimulate sustainable innovations.

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