*Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds (Review) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96092*

**Number**

**16**

 **Plant sample**

**Results obtained**

HD:

Microwave

Solvent/feed

Temperature

Revolution = 50 rpm

MAE:

Withaferin

 A (0.48% db)

Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

[60]

compound compared to other extraction

techniques.

Iochromolide

Withacnistin

Withaferin

 A (0.41% db)

Iochromolide

Withacnistin

 (0.38% db)

 (0.81% db)

 (0.39% db)

 (0.85% db)

Microwave

 power = 25 W; Solvent = methanol;

Solvent/feed

Soxhlet: Withaferin

1. Solvent = water; Extraction time = 15 min

2. Solvent = methanol; ratio = 100; Extraction time = 6 h

Microwave

water (40: 60 v/v);

Temperature

Extraction time = 7 min 3 cycles

UAE:

Microwave

water (40:60 v/v);

Temperature

t = 60 min 3 cycles

Reflux:

Triterpene saponins (10.82%

wb)

Microwave

water (40:60 v/v);

Temperature

time = 90 min 3 cycles

 SFME:

Eugenol (43.2% wb)

Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

[61]

compound compared to other extraction

techniques.

Linalool (25.3% wb) Global yield (0.029% wb)

Microwave

 power = 500 W;

Temperature

time = 30 min

 = 100 °C; Extraction

24.

*Ocimum basilicum* L. (basil)

 = 50 °C; Extraction

Solvent/feed

 = 30;

 power = 800 W; Solvent = ethanol:

 = 50 °C;

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 30;

 power = 250 W; Solvent = ethanol:

 = 50 °C;

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 30;

Triterpene saponins (11.62%

Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

[48]

*Microwave Heating - Electromagnetic Fields Causing Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects*

compound compared to other extraction

techniques.

wb)

Triterpene saponins (6.78%

wb)

 power = 900 W; Solvent = ethanol:

23.

*Xanthoceras*

Bunge. (yellow horn)

 *sorbifolia*

Solvent/feed

 A (0.41% db a)

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 6;

 ratio = 50; Extraction time = 40 s

22.

*Iochroma gesnerioides*

(leaves)

 = 100 °C;

 ratio = 8; Extraction time = 319 s;

 power = 300 W; Solvent = water;

**Bioactive compounds** Global yield (0.265% db)

 **Remarks**


**Number**

**19**

31.

*Radix astragali* (dried root)

 **Plant sample**

**Results obtained**

 MAE: Microwave

water (80:20 v/v);

Temperature

time = 5 min 3 cycles

Soxhlet:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 20;

Extraction time = 4 h

Reflux:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 20;

Extraction time = 1 h

UAE:

Power = 100 W; Solvent =

(80:20 v/v); time = 40 min

Maceration:

Solvent = feed ratio = 20; Extraction time = 12 h

32.

 Sweet potato [*Ipomoea batatas*

MAE:

Microwave

water (53:47 v/v); Extraction time = 2 min

CSE:

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 25; Total phenolics (5.969% db)

 power = 123 W; Solvent = ethanol:

(L.) Lam.]

ethanol:water

 (80:20 v/v); Solvent/

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 20; Extraction

ethanol:water

ethanol:water

 (80:20 v/v); Solvent/

Temperature

 = 90 °C;

ethanol:water

 (80:20 v/v); Solvent/

Temperature

 = 90 °C;

 = 70 °C; Extraction

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 25;

 power = 700 W; Solvent = ethanol:

**Bioactive compounds**

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

db)

Astragalosides

db)

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

db)

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

db)

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

db)

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

Astragalosides

db)

Astragalosides

db)

Total phenolics (6.115% db)

The recovery of phenolic compounds

higher in MAE compare to other techniques.

 was

[66]

 IV (0.206%

 III (0.166%

 II (0.299% db)

 I (0.411% db)

 IV (0.225% db)

 III (0.190%

 II (0.302% db)

 I (0.519% db)

 IV (0.257% db)

 III (0.203%

 II (0.352% db)

 I (0.761% db)

 IV (0.242%

*Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds (Review)*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96092*

 III (0.193% db)

 II (0.347% db)

 I (0.770% db)

 IV (0.278%

 III (0.206%

 II (0.351% db)

 I (0.788% db)

Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

compound compare to other extraction

techniques.

 **Remarks**

**Reference**

[65]


### *Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds (Review) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96092*

**Number**

**18**

 **Plant sample**

**Results obtained**

Solvent =

feed ratio = 100; T = 95 °C; Extraction

time = 6 h Maceration:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 100; Extraction time = 24 h

Stirring:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 100; Extraction time = 24 h

MAE:

Coumarin (0.3978% db)

Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

[20]

*Microwave Heating - Electromagnetic Fields Causing Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects*

compound compared to other extraction

techniques.

*O*-coumaric

Melilotic acid (0.9052% db)

Coumarin (0.3569% db)

*O*-coumaric

Melilotic acid (0.8092% db)

Coumarin (0.2156% db)

*O*-coumaric

Melilotic acid (0.6314% db)

Tanshinone

 IIA (0.29% db)

Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

[64]

compound compare to other extraction

techniques.

Cryptotanshinone

Tanshinone

Tanshinone

 IIA (0.25% db)

Cryptotanshinone

Tanshinone

Tanshinone

 IIA (0.28% db)

Cryptotanshinone

Tanshinone

Tanshinone

 IIA (0.33% db)

Cryptotanshinone

Tanshinone

 I (0.33% db)

 (0.25% db)

 I (0.10% db)

 (0.25% db)

 I (0.11% db)

 (0.24% db)

 I (0.11% db)

 (0.23% db)

 acid (0.0708% db)

 acid (0.1269% db)

 acid (0.1257% db)

Microwave

ethanol (50:50 v/v);

Temperature

Extraction time = 5 min 2 cycles

USAE:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 20; Extraction time = 60 min

Soxhlet:

Solvent = feed ratio = 16.67; Extraction time = 8 h

MAE:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 10; T = 80 °C; Extraction

time = 2 min

Reflux:

Solvent = feed ratio = 10; Extraction time = 45 min

UAE:

Solvent = feed ratio = 10; Extraction time = 75 min

Soxhlet: Tanshinone

Solvent =

feed ratio = 10; Extraction time = 95 min

ethanol:water

 (95:5 v/v); Solvent/

 IIA (0.33% db a)

ethanol:water

 (95:5 v/v); Solvent/

ethanol:water

 (95:5 v/v); Solvent/

ethanol:water

 (95:5 v/v); Solvent/

30.

*Salvia miltiorrhiza* Bunge. (dried root)

ethanol:water

 (95:5 v/v); Solvent/

water:ethanol

 (50:50 v/v); Solvent/

 = 50 °C;

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 20;

 power = 100 W; Solvent = water:

29.

 (*Melilotus officinalis* (L.) Pallas) (yellow sweet clover)

methanol:water

 (85:15 v/v); Solvent/

methanol:water

 (85:15 v/v); Solvent/

Gymnemagenin

Gymnemagenin

 (2.2% db)

 (1.7% db)

methanol:water

 (85:15 v/v); Solvent/

**Bioactive compounds**

 **Remarks**


**Number**

**21**

36.

 Yellow onion

 **Plant sample**

**Results obtained**

VMHG:

Microwave

Pressure = 700 mbar; Power/feed

Temperature

time = 26 min; Moisture content = 84.5%

MHG:

Pressure = 1 bar; Extraction time = 23 min; Moisture

content = 84.5%

CSE:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 10; Revolution

Extraction time = 5 min

 MAE:

Isoflavoids

Excellent efficiency and low

solvent, sample, and time.

consumption

 of

[71]

*Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds (Review)*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96092*

Microwave

Solvent =

sonicated with HCl 15 min, 1 min MAE.

(sample, solvent, time)

MAE:

Isoflavones

 (75%)

High

reproducibility

 without degradation.

 [72]

Microwave

 power = 500 W,

Temperature

ethanol (50%), Extraction time = 20 min

MWE:

Flavanols

The yield of

[73]

flavanol extract is higher compared to CWE,

especially EGCG

(*Epigallocatechin*

efficient at both

80 and 100 °C. High selectivity compared to other extraction

[74]

methods.

Flavonoids (4.1%)

 *gallate*)

concentration.

 More

Microwave

 power = 600 W,

Temperature

Solvent = 120 mL of milli-Q water, Extraction

time = 60 min

40.

 Dried

*Saussurea medusa* cells

 MAE: Microwave

 power = 460 W, Solvent =10 mL of

 = 80 °C or 100 °C,

 = 50 °C, Solvent = 25 mL of

38.

39.

 Green tea leaves (*Camellia sinensis* L.)

 Soybeans

acetonitrile/water

 (2 mL, 80:20 v/v),

 power = 600 W,

37.

 Yellow soybeans (finely ground)

methanol:water

 (80:20 v/v); Solvent/

Quercetin (0.890% db)

> = 8,000 rpm;

Temperature

 = 100 °C;

Quercetin (0.283% db)

 = 81 °C; Extraction

 = 1 W/g;

 power = 500 W;

**Bioactive compounds** Quercetin (0.662% db)

Global yield (3.18% db)

 **Remarks** Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

compound compares to other extraction

techniques.

**Reference**

[70]


## *Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds (Review) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96092*

**Number**

**20**

33.

 Tobacco leaves

 **Plant sample**

**Results obtained**

Solvent =

feed ratio = 30; Extraction time = 120 min

MAE:

Solanesol (0.91% db)

The recovery of phenolic compounds higher in MAE compare to other techniques.

 was

[67]

Microwave

ethanol (1:3 v/v) + NaOH (0.05 mol/L);

Solvent/feed

time = 40 min

HRE:

Solvent =

(0.02 mol/L);

Temperature

time = 180 min

MSD:

1,8-Cineole

Linalool (42.52% db) Global yield (2.7% db)

Flavonoids (0.1292%)

Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

[69]

compound compares to other extraction

techniques.

 (14.40% db)

Recovery of higher yields of bioactive

[68]

*Microwave Heating - Electromagnetic Fields Causing Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects*

compound

Microwave

min; Extraction time = 6 min

MAE:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 25;

Extraction time = 25 min 2 cycles

Soxhlet:

Solvent = methanol;

Temperature

UAE:

Solvent = methanol;

Temperature

time = 30 min 2 cycles

HRE:

Solvent =

feed ratio = 25; Extraction time = 2 h 2 cycles

ethanol:water

 (90:10% v/v); Solvent/

Flavonoids (0.0934%)

Temperature

 = 75 °C;

 = 60 °C; Extraction

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 20;

Flavonoids (0.0736%)

 = 85 °C; Extraction time = 4 h

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 25;

Flavonoids (0.1190%)

ethanol:water

 (95:5 v/v); Solvent/

Temperature

 = 110 °C;

 power = 200 W; flowrate = 8 g/

34.

*Lavandula angustifolia*

Mill., Lamiaceae

(lavender flowers)

> 35.

*Radix astragali* (root of

*Astragalus*; Huangqi)

 = 60 °C; Extraction

hexane:ethanol

 (1:3 v/v) + NaOH

Solanesol (0.87% db)

Solvenf/feed

 ratio = 10;

 ratio = 10; Extraction

 power = 700 W; Solvent = hexane:

ethanol:water

 (60:40 v/v); Solvent/

**Bioactive compounds**

 **Remarks**


**Number**

**23**

47. 48.

49.

 Red, yellow, white, and grelot

onion (*Allium cepa*)

50.

 Sea buckthorn (*Hippophae*

*rhamnoides*)

51.

52.

53.

 Grape skin and seeds

 Olive leaves

MAE:

Biophenols

Microwave

ethanol (80%), Extraction time = 8 min

MAE:

Phenolic compounds

 Flavanols were mostly found in skin but absent

[82]

in grape seeds;

catechin was abundant in seeds.

Pressure = 1–10 atm, Microwave

power = 500 W,

Solvent = 20 mL of methanol (100%),

Extraction time = 20 min

Temperature

 = 65–140 °C,

Solvent/feed

 ratio = 8:1,

 power = 200 W, Solvent = 8 mL

 Onion by-product

 by-product

 Onion (*Allium cepa* L.)

*Herba epimedii*

 **Plant sample**

**Results obtained**

DMAE:

Microwave

(60%), Extraction time = 6 min

MHG:

Total phenolic content

(58.29 mg GAE/DW)

Yield (81.5%) Flavonol (41.9%)

Flavonol

MHG remains the preferred method for the

[70]

*Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds (Review)*

extraction of flavonoids compared to CSE.

Microwave

time = 23 min

MHG:

Microwave

time = 23 min

MHG:

Flavonoids

MHG showed much higher phenolic content

with greater antioxidant

comparison

More antioxidants

was

extracted compared to MHG and CSE; an

efficient procedure

for extraction of

components.

The main compounds

ranged from 631

kg

(oleuropein).

(verbacoside)

 to 23,200 mg/

[81]

heat-sensitive

 plant

 (total quercetin content)

[80]

 to CSE.

 activity in

[52]

Microwave

time = 23 min

VMHG:

Pressure = 0.7 bar, Microwave

Extraction time = 26 min

 power = 500 W,

Flavonoids

 power = 400 W, Extraction

 power = 500 W, Extraction

 power = 500 W, Extraction

 power = 80 W, Solvent = ethanol

**Bioactive compounds**

Flavonoids

 **Remarks** The extraction yield of flavonoids obtained

through DMAE was more compared to SOX,

HRE, UE, and PMAE. Microwave

and generates lesser

Shorter extraction time.

 saves time

decomposition.

[79]

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96092*

**Reference**

[78]

