**Author details**

**3.7 Influence of stirring**

solvent [26].

**technique**

other methods of extractions.

tance over other techniques.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

research grant.

**26**

**5. Conclusions**

The influence of stirring can be linked to the mass transfer procedure in a solvent that causes convention. Hence, stability between vapor and aqueous phases can be obtained quickly. The process tends to accelerate through agitation, this enhances the dissolution and desorption of bioactive components in the plant sample [42]. Using a low solvent-to-feed ratio can be reduced as well as a reduction in the mass transfer barrier from solutes in a localized area emanating from inadequate

*Microwave Heating - Electromagnetic Fields Causing Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects*

**4. Previously extracted bioactive compounds from plants using MAE**

MAE has been employed in several ways to extract bioactive compounds from different plant samples; the isolates from these plant samples are being used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Microwave irradiation is mostly used to resolve some of the drawbacks associated with traditional methods. **Table 2** presents some of the previous studies that employed MAE to extractive bioactive compounds from plant samples. In the presented results obtained from previous studies as presented in **Table 2**, it can be seen the use of microwave-assisted extraction technique recover improved quantities of global yields, different phenolic compounds, and bioactive compounds. These indicated the efficacy of MAE over

This chapter outlines the studies and many advances in development in the MAE of a number of plant compounds. The factors that influence the performance of MAE technique have been extensively discussed as well as some of the bioactive compounds previously reported from plant samples using the MAE. The previously reported results showed that MAE can recover higher yields of bioactive compounds relative to other extraction methods. Thus, MAE is a promising method in achieving substantial bioactive compounds from plant materials due to its impor-

Our gratitude goes to the Research and Innovation Department, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia, for their support through the UIC-190806 Industrial

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Abdurahman Hamid Nour<sup>1</sup> \*, Alara Ruth Oluwaseun<sup>1</sup> , Azhari Hamid Nour<sup>2</sup> , Manal Suliman Omer<sup>3</sup> and Noormazlinah Ahmed<sup>4</sup>

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang-UMP, Malaysia

2 Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan

3 Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang-UMP, Malaysia

4 Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang-UMP, Malaysia

\*Address all correspondence to: nour2000\_99@yahoo.com; abrahman@ump.edu.my

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
