Meet the editor

Dr. Ozan Artun obtained both a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in Physics from Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey. He pursued a PhD in Physics at Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul. After one year, he was appointed to Bülent Ecevit University as a research assistant and received his PhD in Nuclear Physics in 2015. Dr. Artun also has a master's degree in Computer Engineering. In 2018, he became an associate professor. He is also

a reviewer for many international journals. His research interests include particle accelerators, radioisotope production, nuclear batteries, software development, nuclear structure, nuclear fuel, and ionizing radiation.

Contents

*by Ozan Artun*

*by Ozan Artun*

and Colliders

Therapy via Particle Accelerator

*by Jie Wang and Sheng Wang*

Laser-Plasma Accelerators

*by Nathalie Olivi-Tran*

*by Leonard S. Kisslinger*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 7**

**Chapter 3 19**

**Chapter 4 39**

**Chapter 5 73**

**Chapter 6 83**

Investigation of the Production of Medical Ir-192 Used in Cancer

Some Key Issues of Vacuum System Design in Accelerators

*by Kazuhisa Nakajima, Min Chen and Zhengming Sheng*

Review of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

Very Compact Linear Colliders Comprising Seamless Multistage

Theoretical Calculations of the Masses of the Elementary Fermions

Introductory Chapter: Accelerators and Colliders

## Contents


Preface

Since the mid-twentieth century, accelerators and colliders have led the development

Understanding the applications of existing accelerators and colliders with different energies is very important for understanding developments in fundamental or advanced science and technology, such as exploration of the subatomic world, interaction of particles, structure of matter, and medical and energetic radioisotope productions. This book takes into account the currently available types of accelerators and colliders, like linear and circular accelerators and colliders, and their many applications as have been presented in scientific publications. In addition, the book also discusses those accelerators and colliders currently under construction and

The first chapter provides a short introduction to accelerators and colliders across the world, while the second chapter presents applications for production of the medical radionuclide Ir-192, which is used in brachytherapy. The third chapter explains vacuum systems as essential parts of accelerators and colliders and reviews the key technologies involved in optimizing vacuum system designs with a focus on high-energy, high-intensity, and high-luminosity accelerators and colliders. The fourth chapter defines advanced collider systems and includes a novel scheme of a gas-filled capillary accelerator driven by a laser pulse formed from two-mode mixing of capillary eigenmodes and proposes a laser-plasma linear collider. The fifth chapter presents theoretical calculations of the masses of elementary fermions and a classification of elementary particles over all space and temporal dimensions, including the theoretical values of masses for all the elementary fermions (electrons, muons and taus; all quarks and all neutrinos). The last chapter is a review of elementary particles, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), and strong interactions in QCD theory

Each chapter in the book contributes sophisticated knowledge about accelerators and colliders and their crucial applications for current and forthcoming technology. I would like to thank the authors for their contributions. I am also grateful to IntechOpen Service Manager Ms. Lada Bozic for her patience and support.

> **Dr. Ozan Artun** Associate Professor,

Department of Physics, Division of Nuclear Physics,

Zonguldak, Turkey

Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University,

of science and technology in fields of space, medicine, and energy.

via gluon exchange between quark–antiquark-producing mesons.

investigation.
